Imam muhammad taqi biography of abraham lincoln

Ninth of the Isma'ili Shia Imams (790–840)

Not to be disorderly with the 9th Twelver Rabbi, Muhammad al-Jawad.

Abu al-Husayn Ahmad ibn Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Isma'il (Arabic: أَبُو ٱلْحُسَيْن أَحْمَد ٱبْن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه ٱبْن مُحَمَّد ٱبْن إسْماعِيل, romanized: Abū al-Ḥusayn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl; c. 790–840), commonly confessed as Muhammad al-Taqi (Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱلْتَقِيّ, romanized: Muḥammad al-Taqī, lit. 'Muhammad glory pious'), was a descendant go in for the Islamic prophetMuhammad and integrity ninth of the Isma'ili Imams, succeeding his father, Ahmad al-Wafi (d. 828).

Like his father, agreed lived primarily in Salamiyah, with the addition of Abd Allah ibn Maymun al-Qaddah, the chief missionary (da'i), protracted to serve as the hijab (lit. 'cover') for him. Known do without the title Ṣāḥib al-Rasāʾil (lit. 'lord of the epistles'), al-Taqi go over said to have prepared polished his followers an encyclopedic paragraph called the Encyclopedia of decency Brethren of Purity (Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-ṣafā).

He died in 840 in Salamiyah and was succeeded by his son al-Husayn.

With the death of Ja'far al-Sadiq in 148/765, Isma'il (d. 158/775) skull Muhammad (d. 197/813), the gravity read persecutions of the Abbasids difficult to understand considerably increased. The Isma'ili Imams were impelled to thicken their hiding, therefore, the first dawr al-satr came into force diverge 197/813 to 268/882, wherein honesty Imams were known as al-a'imma al-masturin(lit. 'the concealed Imams').

The activity ended with the establishment give evidence the Fatimid caliphate (r. 909–1171).

Historical background

With the death of Ja'far al-Sadiq in 148/765, Isma'il (d. 158/775) and Muhammad (d. 197/813), the heft of persecutions of the Abbasids had considerably increased. The Isma'iliImams were impelled to thicken their hiding, therefore, the first dawr al-satr ('period of concealment')^[a] came into force from 197/813 approval 268/882, wherein the Imams were known as al-a'imma al-masturin (lit. 'the concealed Imams').

During this period, the living Imam's identity was hidden for protection and high-mindedness community continued to operate out of the sun the authority of Muhammad ibn Isma'il. According to later ritual, these were Abd Allah (the 8th Imam), Ahmad (the Ordinal Imam) and al-Husayn (the Ordinal Imam). Among the later Isma'ili historians, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi, the author of Istitār al-Imām, compiled under the Fatimid Imam–Caliph al-Aziz Billah (r. 975–995) seems foremost to have mentioned the take advantage of of the three 'hidden' Imams.

Modern historian of the Fatimid turn, Shainool Jiwa, explains that at near dawr al-satr (765–909 CE) Isma'ili doctrine had spread as afar as from Yemen to Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia and eastern Algeria), with its most prominent form being the KutamaBerbers of Northward Africa.

Life

Ahmad ibn Abd Allah was born in 174/790.

He succeeded his father as second attitude of the Isma'ilidawah (lit. 'mission') suffer, like him, lived as practised merchant in Salamiyah in Syria. His hujjat was Abd God ibn Maymun al-Qaddah, the principal missionary (da'i), continued to safeguard as the hijab (lit. 'cover') keep an eye on him.

Al-Taqi lived, probably, miniature the close of the rapidly and opening of the tertiary century of the Muslim times. He had the reputation time off being profoundly learned. Al-Taqi was known as an eminent Hashimite trader, making the people touch on flock at his residence. Dot suspected the Syrian governor, who communicated its report to magnanimity Abbasidcaliphal-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), who issued level to arrest al-Taqi, but influence latter had quitted Salamiyah breach advance for few years.

Huddle together addition to spreading his tell via his da'is, al-Taqi alertly engaged in the sociophilosophical goings-on in his time.

According to honourableness 10-th century Arab scholar Ibn al-Nadim (d. 995), al-Taqi sent loftiness da'i al-Husayn al-Ahwazi to greatness environs (sawād) of Kufa. Honourableness latter converted Hamdan Qarmat champion founded the "Qarmatian" sect acquire Iraq.

The anti-Isma'ili writer Akhu Muhsin (d. 965) claimed that al-Taqi directed the da'i Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i to the Maghreb rope in 279/892–93 and thus laid probity foundation for later Fatimid strength of character there.

Sectarian literature attributes to him the publication of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity (Rasā'il Ikhwān al-ṣafā'), on credit of which he is influential as Ṣāḥib al-Rasāʿil (lit. 'lord show signs of the epistles').

It is as well reported by some Isma'ili holdings that the authorship of probity Rasāʿil may even date burden to the times of character Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq himself, ephemeral by the contributions of her highness three Imamate hidden successors. Honourableness title represents the work makeover that of the "Sincere Brethren" or "Brethren of Purity", a-one society that flourished in Basra: debating on literature, religion, conjecture and science.

In this be anxious, pre-Islamic wisdom, such as Hellenistic philosophy and Babylonian astrology, was presented along with Isma'ili gist. The Epistles were secretly stage set in a cave, and what because sufficient numbers were produced, they were simultaneously placed in say publicly leading mosques of the Abbasid lands.

In the forty-fourth careful there is a statement to about Jesus (Isa) which is only in Muslim literature. The reporting of the Rasā'il served manage stir up agitation against probity Isma'iliyya; al-Taqi, therefore, took class precaution to move about, in all cases in the dress of well-ordered merchant, between Daylam, Kufa elitist Askar Mukram, his father's home.

It was when the Possessor mention the Right [i.e Imam Muhammad al-Taqi) was informed about that theory that he compiled coronate Encyclopedia, revealing in it link philosophical disciplines, which his enemies could not do.

With depiction help of this the pillars of the sharia have anachronistic strengthened, and its laws enjoy become enforced by the point in time of parallels, and allusions knowledge the real meaning, which neither could be neglected, nor said as impossible.

— Idris Imad al-Din, Zahr al-maʿānī

According to the Isma'ili institution, caliph al-Ma'mun was eager craving discover the source of Rasāʿil Ikhwān al-ṣafā' and gathered great group of scholars to about the text; a representative own up al-Taqi, popularly referred to owing to Da'i al-Tirmidhi, participated in these discussions.

al-Ma'mun pretended to accept completely accepted Isma'ili doctrine see expressed the desire to tight with al-Taqi, and said, "I am an ardent lover apparent the Imam [al-Taqi]. I prize a desire to hand power my caliphate to the Canon when I behold him significant will serve him wholeheartedly." Al-Tirmidhi was not sure of high-mindedness sincerity of this request, on the contrary, to protect al-Taqi, said ditch he himself was the Rector.

Al-Ma'mun quickly had al-Tirmidhi beheaded.

Al-Taqi is reported to have acceptably in 225/840 in Salamiyah fend for bequeathing the office of Imamate to his son, al-Husayn surnamed, Abd Allah al-Radi. His in the opposite direction son, Muhammad Abu'l-Shalaghlagh, surnamed Sa'id al-Khayr, whose posterity were livelihood in Salamiyah and killed pocketsized the hands of the Qarmatians in 290/902.

See also

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