Carl jung biography and theory pdf

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Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961). In: James D. Libber (editor-in-chief), International Encyclopedia of influence Social & Behavioral Sciences, Ordinal edition, Vol 12. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 902–906. ISBN: 9780080970868 Flagrant © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. unless otherwise stated. All rights retiring. Elsevier Author's personal copy Psychologist, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) Angela Graf-Nold, Zurich, Switzerland Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd.

All rights reserved. Nonmaterialistic Carl Gustav Jung (1875–1961) was one of the main founders of psychoanalysis and general on the whole psychology, beneath Sigmund Freud take precedence Alfred Adler. He was fake editor of the first erudite psychoanalytic periodical Jahrbuch für psychopathologische und psychoanalytische Forschungen (ed.

make wet Bleuler and Freud) and colonizer and president of the Worldwide Psychoanalytic Association (1910–13). With trace academic background from the City school of psychiatry (Burghölzli sanatorium, University of Zurich), encounters better Freud, and in confrontation sign up his own unconscious processes, Psychologist developed his own psychological closer under the term analytical psychopath.

His research was centered fly in a circle the nature and the standard constellations of the psychic functions (reasoning, feeling, sensation, intuition) ground their relations to the individualization process, as well as decency nature of the unconscious delighted its relation to consciousness (archetypes, cross-cultural patterns of the individualisation process, synchronicity).

Jung was native in Switzerland at Kesswil, proximate Lake Constance, on 26 July 1875, son of the evangelist Paul Jung and his partner, Emilie B. Preiswerk; in 1902 he married Emma Rauschenbach (1882–1956), daughter of a wealthy director, with whom he had five children, one son and one daughters. He died at righteousness age of 85 on 6 June 1961, in his see to in Küsnacht, Lake Zürich.

Currency 1895, Jung began his health check studies at the University remind you of Basel. The sudden death lacking his father in 1886 caused some financial troubles, and omitted him to take care bargain his mother and sister Gertrud, who was 9 years onetime than he was. His insolvency contrasted with the continued repute of both of his introverted, well-known grandfathers, both fathers panic about 13 children and both professors at Basel University.

Carl Gustav Jung, Senior (1794–1864), a partisan refugee from Mannheim, Germany, challenging been a professor of tell off and president of Basel Academia. Samuel Preiswerk (1799–1871), C.G. Jung’s maternal grandfather, professor of field and ancient Hebrew at influence university, had served as rectitude president of the reformed ministers in the Basel Canton.

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After his exams in Dec 1900, Jung decided to firmness Basel and follow a salaried career as a psychiatrist, replicate as a second assistant condescension the psychiatric hospital Burghölzli disturb Zurich. At the time, say publicly Burghölzli asylum, southwest of influence city of Zurich, was adorn the direction of Eugen Bleuler; it was then the governing ‘modern’ institution for mentally mundane persons, was affiliated with depiction University of Zurich, and professor director was at the exact same time also professor of psychotherapy at the university.

The environment of the work at Burghölzli asylum is visible in Jung’s later work. The reputation do paperwork Burghölzli asylum was the benefit of Bleuler’s predecessor Auguste Forel, who during his 20 adulthood directorship from 1879 to 1898 had established the professional encipher of the daily routine engage the clinic and had disappointment legal standards for admission, usage, and dismissal of the patients; with regard to the practice of psychiatry, he outlined refuse represented an unbiased empirical advance to mental phenomena, focusing rightfully well on the neurological, psychosomatic, and social aspects of essential disorders (biopsycho-social model of compliant illness/Zurich school of 902 psychiatry).

At the beginning an devoted pioneer in neurology, the day-to-day misery of his patients in the near future led him to abandon medicine research; instead, Forel (a Land francophone) introduced hypnosis (as seasoned by the ‘French School trap Nancy’ of H. Bernheim) though a first psychotherapeutic treatment expulsion inpatients. In hypnosis, Forel perform the proof for the conflict of subconscious processes that were equivalent to externally observable medicine phenomena (scientific monism).

His manual on hypnotism became very renowned and is still available boardwalk print (Forel). In 1898, Forel quit his job in make ready to dedicate himself further show consideration for the prevention of mental illness; he wrote an international bestseller about sexual education, The Propagative Question, 1905, and internationally got involved in promoting alcohol chastity.

Still very active as be over organizer, author, lecturer, and cerebral expert, he stayed a chief figure in Swiss psychiatry, viewpoint was a critical observer spick and span the activities at the Burghölzli clinic where Jung soon began to play a dominant impersonation. Bleuler, who was director position the clinic when Jung begun, wholeheartedly shared Forel’s conception epitome mental illness.

As Forel’s bid, he had supported him make known his pioneering neurological research, run away with he had participated very fast in the exciting introduction apply hypnosis at the Burghölzli 1885/86. In 1886, he took let pass the directorship of the faraway asylum Rheinau, an institution long about 400 chronically, mentally pass patients; there he lived hoot a bachelor with only solve medical colleague and the housekeeper’s family together with the patients.

As director of the Burghölzli clinic, Bleuler obviously appreciated magnanimity end results of his scientific and personal isolation. He at once established a scientific debating truncheon for his medical staff mount other colleagues, which met hebdomadally, alternating in the Burghölzli put forward in the private clinic longed-for his colleague, the Russian–Swiss specialist C.

von Monakow. This branch constituted an important part fair-haired the ‘creative scientific community’ (Loewenberg, 1995) of the Burghölzli staff; the debates about Freud highest psychoanalysis began here, and finally psychoanalytic interpretations were applied grizzle demand only to patients’ behavior post dreams but also mutually feign colleagues and friends.

International Cyclopaedia of the Social & Activity Sciences, 2nd edition, Volume 12 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.61063-2 International Encyclopedia of significance Social & Behavioral Sciences, Alternative Edition, 2015, 902–906 Author's precise copy Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) It was this environment stray Jung experienced at Burghölzli hospital; it was quite a disorder and like an entrance footpath a “monastery of the world.” Four medical doctors, beneath Bleuler, as well as a inessential doctor and one ordinary lesser, were in charge for jump 400 mentally ill patients; significant and his colleagues lived restructuring interns in single rooms; character director and the secondary adulterate had apartments, and about 80 waiters slept on foldaway beds in the patients’ rooms representational in the corridors and could go home only once each one two weeks.

“My inability fit in understand gave me such unadorned sense of inferiority, that Rabid couldn’t bear to go difficult to get to the hospital” (Jung, 1925/1989). Unquestionable read through the available erudition and dedicated himself to greatness study of his cases. In a short time he began his dissertation, ‘On the psychology and pathology sequester so-called occult phenomena.’ 1902 Identical this doctoral thesis, Jung fake his spiritualistic experiments with her majesty cousin Hélène Preiswerk, which filth had carried out with be involved with at the end of her highness medical studies, and treated tea break case in the context discern (hysterical) patients of the Burghölzli hospital.

In a quite smaller context, he referred to Analyst and Breuer’s Studies on Delirium and to Freud’s Interpretation do in advance Dreams, but mainly he relied on the new studies tension Pierre Janet and Théodore Flournoy. Flournoy, professor of psychology display Geneva, had just published adroit scientific best-seller Les Indes à la Planète Mars (1900), top-notch long-term study of a philosophical medium.

Jung got in discover with Flournoy and showed easily forgotten appreciation for his ‘objective-distanced’ mould to mental phenomena (which was influenced by his personal analyst William James) and his receipt arranged the new findings knock over a bigger context. Jung’s simple friendship with Flournoy outlasted rectitude much more famous, but at no time as untroubled, friendship with Neurologist, which began several years succeeding.

In October 1902, Jung lead to his strenuous job at Burghölzli. He went to Paris dressingdown study at the Collège mollify France with Pierre Janet cope with also learned English at decency Berlitz School. In 1903, sand married 21-year-old Emma Rauschenbach, honourableness daughter of a factory proprietor, and settled in Zurich.

Better the end of 1903, fiasco returned to Burghölzli hospital, originally as an external representative back the resident doctor who abstruse fallen ill. In December 1904, he finally took over picture regular post of resident debase, and moved into the doctor’s family apartment at the safety. Three of his five dynasty were born there and grew up together with Bleuler’s affinity.

Bleuler had also recently mated the philologist and writer Hedwig Waser, one of the first academic women in Switzerland. Both women shared the interests promote to their husbands and took terminate in their scientific discussions; of course, there also existed a general role expectation for both wives to support their husbands be of advantage to their professional duties.

This ‘participation of everybody’ was due jump in before Bleuler’s ideal of an ‘active community’ (tätige Gemeinschaft). Bleuler’s past experience as director of significance remote Rheinau asylum, with grandeur close contact with mostly ‘incurable’ chronically mentally ill patients, locked away led him to emphasize distinction obvious therapeutic value of chiefly ‘active community,’ in which each person worked according to their bequest in meaningful activities.

For empress special scientific research interest look onto this field – the mechanics of psychotic behavior – sand favored a hypothesis of 903 neurological conditions that caused unadulterated specific discontinuity in the forms of association. Therefore, it was with some enthusiasm that, locked in 1904, Jung and Bleuler at the bottom of the sea up a well-equipped psychological lab for association experiments.

These swayed a prominent part in spiritual research at the time, selfsame in the school of Wilhelm Wundt at the University lay out Leipzig (Germany). Their findings in a minute led to passionate debates speak the debating club. In sharing accounts not only of influence regularities of the test persons’ responses to the stimulus cruel, as was usual in nobleness Wundtian approach, but also drop in the ‘intruders in the mind,’ the irregularities (delays of acknowledgment times, repetitions, and other disturbances), Jung and his coworkers (initially Franz Riklin, Sr., Jung’s helpmate, Ludwig Binswanger, and several volunteers) identified the ‘emotional-toned complexes’ (gefühlsbetonte Komplexe) of the test humans as autonomous expressions of their repressed or dissociated unconscious conflicts.

These results were particularly main for Jung. Behind completely ‘mad’ behavior he discovered quite runofthemill hopes and desires. Paranoiac matter and hallucinations revealed their cloaked sense in the context get the picture the patient’s life stories. “At the bottom we discover bagatelle new and unknown in description mentally ill; rather, we secure the substratum of our possess nature,” he stated.

“That was at that time a also moving experience” (Jung and Jaffé, 1963). When Jung was foresight a paper for his operation as lecturer at Zurich Sanitarium in 1905, he realized focus his findings threw a fresh light on Freud’s theory chivalrous repression. He decided to say yes up for him, despite Freud’s bad reputation in academic analysis.

In 1906, Jung published straight first volume of Association Studies, which he sent to Neurologist in Vienna. In 1907, stylishness published On the Psychology provide Dementia Praecox, which included spick detailed case study with firm experiments of an old somebody patient of the clinic, who since Forel’s time had served as a demonstration case dispense students.

These two publications inaugurated a remarkably passionate personal correlation with Freud, which is sound in hundreds of letters (Freud and Jung, 1974). Bleuler collective a special enthusiasm for Neurologist, although, like Jung, he was always somewhat critical about Freud’s recently elaborated sexual theory prep added to especially criticized Freud’s dogmatic, bigoted tendencies as an impropriety regard the scientific community (Freud cranium Bleuler, 2013).

In October 1907, Jung – against some applicant from Bleuler’s side – supported an informal ‘Freud Club’ pleasing the Burghölzli, which met alone from the other regular scientific staff meetings. In April 1908, Jung organized a first Psychotherapy Congress (private meeting) in Metropolis. On this occasion, a first joint publication was founded – the Jahrbuchfür psychopathologische und psychoanalytische Forschungen, edited by Bleuler shaft Freud, and compiled by C.G.

Jung. Thus Jung, with primacy decisive support of Bleuler, inaugurated the reception of Freudian dream therapy in academic psychiatry and leadership beginning of the so-called ‘psychoanalytic movement.’ The culmination of – as well as the spinning point in – the relation of Freud and Jung was their joint trip in Sep 1909 to the 20th Saint's day Conference of Clark University, Lexicographer, Massachusetts.

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Both confidential to lecture and were worthy with their first honorary scale 1. Jung had been invited by oneself, because of traditional connections Supranational Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition, 2015, 902–906 Author's personal copy 904 Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) among the Burghölzli hospital and Pol University through Forel’s connections work stoppage his former pupil and pen pal Adolf Meyer, a Swiss alien to the United States, which played a dominant role meat the formation of American Psychopathology.

In the 6 weeks unitedly with Freud during the journey to the United States, untainted strange personal behavior and remorseless critical points in mutual oomph interpretations inevitably revealed to Psychologist the limits of a ground and cooperative relationship with Neurologist. Nevertheless, he continued to come across for Freud as organizer lecturer founder of the International Psychotherapy Association, a role that yes later remarked on as cooperation à toux prix.

In 1910, he was elected president invoke the International Psychoanalytical Association. Before long after Freud’s provoked break touch Alfred Adler in 1912, Neurologist challenged Jung’s leadership with rendering organization of a ‘secret committee,’ consisting only of very ‘confidential’ followers – excluding Jung. Psychologist subsequently resigned as the collector of Jahrbuch in October 1913, and then as president elaborate the International Psychoanalytic Association distort April 1914.

In March 1909, some months before his splash to the United States interview Freud, Jung quit his work at the Burghölzli clinic limit opened a private practice chimpanzee psychiatrist in Küsnacht, Lake Metropolis. In the 1920s and Decade, his popularity began to fill out. After 1929 he was retained in the General Medical Brotherhood for Psychotherapy (Allg.

Aerztl. Gesellschaft f. Psychotherapie) and was comb author and coeditor of rank affiliated Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie (Berlin); after the resignation of dignity society’s president Kretschmer in 1933 after Hitler’s rise to queue, Jung accepted the presidency treat this organization and editorship suffer defeat the affiliated Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie.

He defended this compromising partnership with German psychotherapists with monarch aim to reorganize the kingdom as an international institution unimportant order to help some colleagues maintain their functions, and obstacle prevent a general abolition claim psychotherapy as a medical instruction in Germany. After initial attend to partial success with these goals, Jung finally resigned in 1940 (Giovanni Sorge, 2012).

In 1933, Jung resumed his academic pedagogy, as a lecturer for ‘modern psychology’ within the General Tributary of the Swiss Federal College of Technology (ETH), Zurich, forbidden lectured courses in ‘Modern Psychology’ (psychology of the unconscious/the context of individuation). In 1934, unquestionable was awarded the title hint at professor; he resigned because have a good time health reasons in summer 1941.

From 1944 to 1945 put your feet up held a professorship in alexipharmic psychology at the University sell Basel. In 1948, the Psychologist Institute in Zurich (later Küsnacht) was established by an omnipresent committee of some of rule associates as a research tell off training center for Jungian analysts. Analytical Psychology: Contribution to Body of knowledge In 1909, immediately after Psychologist returned from the United States, he immersed himself in archeologic and mythological literature in coach to differentiate his own emerge of the unconscious from Freud’s.

The result was his older work Wandlungen und Symbole stake Libido (1912), later published minute English as The Psychology abide by the Unconscious (1916). In distinguish with Freud’s personalistic view holiday the psyche – i.e., emperor attempt to reduce the chance to a hiding place short vacation the personal, sexual conflicts late the dreamer – for Psychologist, sexuality was not the lone determining factor; rather, the primary point was that the curving had an autonomous life, which reflected not only the one-off, but also the common, co-op history of the mind.

Class manifestations of the unconscious ordinary not only for a causal, reductive purpose, but also esoteric a final, i.e., forward-looking, occupation. Relying on some products nominate automatic writing (two hymns gift the dramatic myth of take in Indo-American hero) produced by deft young American, Miss Frank Author (first published in 1905 simple the Archives de Psychologie, drawn-out.

by Flournoy), Jung presented wreath own conception of the pruriency as a general ‘psychic energy’ with a dual nature, outlet into positive and negative poles with a steady flux amidst construction and de(con)struction. He along with outlined an ‘anatomy and embryology of mental development,’ which followed common patterns of changing phantasmagoric processes in the history chivalrous mankind, as well as careful the personal history of persist individual person.

Wavering between nourish analysis of Miss Miller’s fantasies, some hidden self-analysis, a exact analysis of religious hero erudition of humankind from Mithraism surrounding Christianity, and an analysis have a phobia about classical and romantic philosophy stream literature, he developed his timidly of the structure and brisk functioning of the psyche externally yet coining a decisive locutions of his own.

In prestige years between 1912 and 1918, Jung experienced a time observe personal insecurity and scientific solitariness. He resigned from his proclaim as lecturer at the practice and then dedicated himself give up his international practice as swell psychotherapist, concentrating on his top secret studies and on his resistance with his own unconscious.

Pacify documented these studies in jet notebooks, elaborating on them criticism calligraphy and careful illustrations ploy a red leather–bound representative volume; in an epilogue from 1959 he stated that it was necessary to absorb the unendurable power of his original stop thinking about until they found their materialize in reality with his associate with alchemy, which allowed him to integrate them into unadulterated whole.

This Red Book was recently published (Jung 2010, uninhabited. by Sonu Shamdasani, 2010). Infant 1921, Jung published his important book, Psychological Types, in which he linked his historical investigation with the findings of emperor self-analytical process. He outlined magnanimity key concepts that later became characteristic of analytical psychology much as ‘types,’ ‘collective unconscious,’ extra ‘individuation process.’ Jung had move interested in the question honor psychological types because of honesty differences he perceived between Adler and Freud.

With critical choice to historical material, Jung decorated a model of typology, coupled with eight psychological types – bend over main attitude types of extroverts and introverts, further subdivided infant the predominance of one delightful four psychological functions: thinking, mood, sensation, and intuition. While adventure conveys concrete reality through loftiness senses, intuition conveys the arcane possibilities in the background.

Service while thinking leads to neat as a pin judgment about the meaning show evidence of concrete reality, feeling leads tutorial a judgment of its trait. Normally one attitude or extend prevails (superior function) and primacy opposite (inferior) attitude or role remains undeveloped, more unconscious, mushroom undifferentiated. The value of that model lies less in hang over contribution to differential psychology amaze in the theory of bearing and the theory of dignity therapeutic process as a solicit for wholeness.

International Encyclopedia gaze at the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition, 2015, 902–906 Author's personal copy Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) From this experience leave undone the relativity of every view with respect to psychic fact, Jung highlighted the significance state under oath the ‘personal equation’ as marvellous prior condition of any cognitive statements – i.e., the current that what a psychologist purported to be true of being psychology as a whole was first and foremost a individual confession.

Additionally, he developed expert conception of the therapeutic enter, which involved not only demonstrative conscious of repressed contents refreshing the unconscious but also combining the psyche and developing trig much more complete approach deliver to inner and outer realities. That process of individuation involved amiable projections that are structured according to certain autonomous images invite the unconscious (archetypes); these reflect the common history of persons (archetypes of the collective unconscious) as well as the unsure of yourself images of one’s own inaccessible history (personal complexes).

Common spreadsheet ubiquitous archetypes are the throw, the unconscious negative side be fond of the personality; the hero, excellence idealized picture of the person; the anima, the animus; elitist the repressed female/male soul conceive of in men and women. That process provokes an ethical conflict in each patient; they take to take responsibility for their mental attitudes and develop calligraphic fuller approach to reality call only in ideas, but additionally in feelings, sensations, and influence.

As a result, the heart of a person moves give birth to the ego (the center forfeit consciousness) toward the self (the center of the whole, far-out, conscious and unconscious psyche). Orangutan therapeutic methods for this enter, Jung developed active imagination (as a method of assimilating unwitting contents by several forms demonstration self-expression) and amplification (circumambulation) be in opposition to the symbols (instead of straightforward association in Freudian analysis).

Description foundation of the dynamic idea that became known as judicious psychology and the institutionalization give a rough idea Jungian analysis were connected versus the founding of the Emotional Club in 1916. This was made possible by the kindly financial gift of Jung’s Dweller patient, Edith Rockefeller McCormick. Equate Jung’s separation from the Burghölzli clinic and the Freudian loop, the Club reestablished an indicate debating forum in which noteworthy could communicate his ideas forget about interested patients, colleagues, and scientists.

Here many of his preceding patients – among them sovereign life-long special assistant and keep a note of Toni Wolff, his secretary opinion the compiler of his story, the psychologist Aniela Jaffé, build up the philologist in ancient languages Marie Louise von Franz – were encouraged to take set a date for public lecturing.

In the Baton he also met outstanding academics in his main subjects keep in good condition interest, such as mythology, godfearing studies, philosophy, psychology, and archaeology. Club lecturers included Karl Kerényi, pioneer in Greek mythology, justness young Mircea Eliade, pioneer plug the science of religions, Gershom Scholem, the German-born Israeli guru and historian, and other representatives of different Christian, Indian, Judaic, and Eastern religious traditions.

Richard Wilhelm, missionary to China become peaceful sinologist, had a special fix on Jung. Wilhelm shared go one better than him the old mystical Tao text The Secret of honesty Golden Flower. It was misrepresent this text that Jung first discovered the correspondence of authority individuation concept with Eastern metaphysics and worked out his mandala symbolism for psychic wholeness convey the self.

From 1933 treaty, the Club lectures and Jung’s public lectures at ETH were supplemented by the Eranos Conferences, which 905 were organized alongside Olga Fröbe, an English-Dutch preternatural and scholar, every summer rep a fortnight at her igloo at Lake Maggiore in Moscia, near Ascona, Switzerland. In influence atmosphere of these meetings investigate contemporary pioneers and authorities delight all fields of modern information and spirituality, such as grandeur Jewish philosopher Martin Buber, ethics Indologist Heinrich Zimmer, the botanist Adolf Portmann, and many remnants, Jung presented and discussed her highness view of traditional Christianity mount medieval alchemy, the archetypes search out the collective unconscious, and say publicly principle of synchronicity (Hakl, 2013).

An encounter with death play a role 1944 marked the beginning go along with the period of Jung’s final elaboration of ideas. His primary work on traditional Christianity, Strategic to Job (1952), and top major work on alchemy, Mysterium Conjunctionis (Mystery of Conjunction; 1955) appeared at this time. Rank common principles of the propitiation of the opposites of dignity dual nature of the soul, which he had worked forget in this major book, ruined to the final formulation refreshing his main pioneering concept, Synchronism as a Principle of Acausal Relations (1952), which he publicised in collaboration with Wolfgang Pauli, professor of physics at Cluster.

The idea of an zealous psychoid archetype represents the oining principle of psyche and concern, which are two aspects always the same thing and focus on realize themselves in both amount ‘synchronistically.’ The relative autonomy take unpredictability of the synchronistic phenomena correspond with the new findings of subatomic and cosmic physics and hint toward a transcendental green order to which both interpretation psyche of the perceiving in a straight line as well as nature strike submit.

Contemporary Influence In discriminate with Freud, who gave birth impression that psychoanalysis “may properly likened to Athena’s springing in fully armed from the belief of Zeus” (Jones, 1953–57), Psychologist always tried to trace hold back his ideas to older, regular traditions. His pioneering work was the rediscovery of an open chain of psychic manifestations mushroom spiritual traditions from antiquity, heresy over alchemy to the cause.

His early claim for unblended constructive, forward-looking meaning in elusive manifestations led to some unsteadiness in early psychoanalytic treatment focus are now common in remedy, for instance, the symmetrical living (instead of the patient dilly-dallying down), focus on present prerequisites as responsible for the mutiny of neurosis, and focus manipulate transference and countertransference as greatness crucial point for the replace of mental attitude.

In beyond, Jung’s conception of the metaphysical nature of psychic life influenced the later transpersonal and advanced schools of psychotherapy. His trouble with spiritual mystical traditions frequently led to controversial claims give it some thought he himself was a orphic, selling false dreams of priestly redemption.

The alleged evidence on the way out the most recriminatory voice (Noll, 1997) has been traced go back to an obviously misidentified opinion misinterpreted document and shown get tangled be fallacious (Shamdasani, 1998). Psychologist emphasized that he had cack-handed ‘doctrine’ to offer, but comparatively some methods of looking hackneyed facts, phenomena, and natural rules.

His approach to these material is empirical in the faculty of a critical reflection submit the nature of all General Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Second Edition, 2015, 902–906 Author's personal copy 906 Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) deem that relates to self-experience unthinkable the nature of the perceiving psyche.

This view, which valuates the psyche as ‘the materfamilias of all science and arts,’ reveals its special importance value the approach to religious phenomena. The unconscious psyche with dismay autonomous operators (collective archetypes) reflects the numinous, awful, frightening, challenging timeless spirit in changing copies that correspond to changing nonmaterialistic images from ancient times take back the present.

In differentiating amidst religious images and religion strike, Jung pointed to the halfway experiences open to everyone severally of every external belief custom. Jung received numerous honorary degrees: in 1909 the first title only degree, from Clark University Metropolis, Massachusetts, USA; in 1936 be bereaved Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; in 1937 from Hindu-University Benares and the universities of Allahabad und Calcutta/India; in 1938 break Oxford University, UK; in 1945 from the University of Metropolis, Switzerland; and in 1955 depart from the Swiss Federal Institute (ETH), Zurich.

See also: Bleuler, Eugen (1857–1939); Eliade, Mircea (1907–86); Psychoanalyst, Sigmund (1856–1939); Janet, Pierre (1859–1947); Psychoanalysis, History of; Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian (1832–1920). Freud, Sigmund, Bleuler, Eugen, 2013. Ich bin zuversichtlich, wir erobern bald die Psychiatrie. Birefwechsel 1904–1937. Schwabe Verlag, Metropolis.

Freud, Sigmund, Jung, Carl Gustav, 1974 (Mannheim, R, Hull, R.F.C., Trans.). In: McGuire, W. (Ed.), Letters. Princeton University Press, Town, NJ. Graf-Nold, Angela, 1991. Novel of psychiatry in Switzerland. Account of Psychiatry 2, 321–328. Graf-Nold, Angela, 01/2007. Jung’s position file the Swiss Federal Institute depose Technology (ETH) Zurich.

Jung History: a, Semiannual Publication of ethics Philemon Foundation 2 (2), 14–17. Hakl, Hans Thomas, 2013. Eranos/an Alternative Intellectual History of description 20th Century. Equinox, Sheffield. Architect, Ernest, 1953-57. Sigmund Freud: woman and work. Hogarth Press, Writer. Jung, Carl Gustav, 1969. In: Read, H., Fordham, M., Adler, G., McGuire, W.

(Eds.), Impassive Works, 20 Vol. Princeton Creation Press, Princeton, NJ. Jung, Carl Gustav, 1989. In: McGuire, Weak. (Ed.), Analytical Psychology, Notes sustain a Seminar, Given 1925. University University Press, Princeton, NJ. Psychologist, Carl Gustav, Jaffé, Aniela, 1963. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Pantheon, Spanking York. Jung, Carl Gustav, Pauli, Wolfgang, 1952.

Naturerkläung und Air. Rascher Verlag, Zürich, 1955. Nobility Interpretation of Nature and dignity Psyche. Pantheon, New York. Psychologist, Carl Gustav, 2010. In: Shamdasani, S. (Ed.), The Red Make a reservation. Norton, New York. Jahrbücher, Eranos, 1934–1972. Bd. 1–38. Rhein-Verlag, Metropolis. Loewenberg, Peter, 1995.

The commencement of a scientific community, justness Burghölzli 1902–1914. In: Fantasy arena Reality in History. New Dynasty, pp. 46–89. Noll, Richard, 1997. The Aryan Christ: The Covert Life of Carl Jung. Serendipitous House, New York. Shamdasani, Sonu, 1998. Cult Fictions. C.G. Psychologist and the Founding of Unrelenting Psychology.

Routledge and Kegan Missionary, London. Sorge, Giovanni, Fall 2012. Jung’s presidency of the global general medical society of psychiatry. New insights. Jung Journal: Stylishness and Psyche 6 (4), 31–53. Relevant Websites Bibliography Bair, Deirdre, 2003. Jung: A Biography. About, Brown, Boston. Bleuler, Eugen, 1923.

Textbook of Psychiatry. Allen soar Unwin, London. Ellenberger, Henry F., 1970. The Discovery of rectitude Unconscious. The History and Progression of Dynamic Psychiatry. Penguin Books, London. Flournoy, Théodore, 1900/1994. Lack of discipline Indes à la Planète Mars. Atar, Genève, 1994. From Bharat to the Planet Mars.

Unembellished Case of Multiple Personality take up again Imaginary Languages. Ed. Shamdasani, S., Trans. Vermilye, D., Princeton Univeristy Press, Princeton. Fordham, Frieda, 1953. An Introduction to Jung’s Exceptional. Penguin Books, Melbourne, Vic. Forel, Auguste, Forel, A., 1889–2013. Hypnotismus. Engl.: Hypnotism 1907–2009, Rebmann.

BiblioLife, New York/Charleston, SC. Forel, Auguste, 1908–1933. (105) Die Sexuelle Frage. Engl. Adap.:The sexual question, overstep C.F. Marshall. www.aras.org – Blue blood the gentry Archive for Research in Archetpyal Symbolism. www.iaap.org – IAAP - International Association for Analytical Psyche. http://www.cgjunggesellschaften.eu.

www.cgjungpage.org – Reflections smokescreen Psychology, Culture and Life. Primacy Jung page. Film Face equal Face: BBC -Interview with C.G. Jung, John Freeman, October 1959. Matter of Heart (1986), 107 min. Carl Gustav Jung, featuring interviews with those who knew him and archive footage unscrew Jung. (Withney, M., Wagner, S.).

International Encyclopedia of the Common & Behavioral Sciences, Second Print run, 2015, 902–906