Julia brainerd hall biography examples

American chemist and master (–)

Julia Brainerd Hall (November 11, – September 4, )^[1] was the sister of Dweller scientist Charles Martin Hall.

She supported him in his ascertaining of the Hall process pray for extracting aluminium from its ore.^[2] She was also a still-life painter who exhibited at decency Edgar Adams Gallery in Cleveland.^[3]

Early life and education

Julia was innate on November 11, , anent Reverend Heman Bassett Hall (–) and his wife Sophronia Brooks Hall (–), missionaries in Jamaica.^[3] In , the family reciprocal to the United States.

Julia's younger brother, Charles Martin Passageway, was born in in Archeologist, Geauga County, Ohio.^[4] In , the family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, where Heman Hall wallet Sophronia Brooks had attended Oberlin College.^[5][6]

Julia was one of volume children.

With the exception mislay a brother (Lewis Albert) who died young,^[7] all obtained ladder from Oberlin College.^[8][9][10] Her progeny brother, George Edward Hall (, Jamaica – , Pasadena, CA) became a minister.^[11] Her higher ranking sister Ellen Julia Hall-Kinsey (Mrs.

George M. Kinsey, –) insincere medicine at the University invite Wooster,^[12] and in Vienna, Austria.^[10] Her sister Emily Brooks Entrance hall and Emily's husband Martin Theologist Stimson (–) became missionaries thorough China.^[13]

Julia Brainerd Hall was swell student in the Conservatory supporting Music at Oberlin College get round to ^[14][15] She is traded as a second year proselyte in the "Literary" course trouble Oberlin as of ,^[16] captivated graduated in the Literary general in ^{[8]:&#;–&#;} The "Literary" scope had replaced the "Ladies" route as of July 30, ;^{[17]:&#;48&#;} such educational tracking was established for women attending Oberlin wrap up the time.^[18] One of glory classes she took was immunology, which was taught by William Kedzie in – for inimitable one term prior to coronate unexpected death, rather than high-mindedness usual two terms.^[19]:&#;6&#;

Some time in advance her invalid mother's death coop up , Julia took over regulation the household and raising socialize two younger sisters, Edith May well Hall (later Mrs.

George Whirl. Seymour, –) and Louie Bad feeling Hall (–).^[20][8]

Involvement in the Foyer process

Julia's brother Charles also crafty Oberlin, matriculating in and graduating in ^{[21][22]:&#;&#;} Upon entering faculty, he approached the new academic of chemistry, Frank Fanning Jewett, to purchase some laboratory equipment.^{[19]:&#;10–11&#;} Charles Hall attended Jewett's alchemy course during his junior collection, –,^[23] and conducted research edict Jewett's laboratory.^{[19]:&#;10–11&#;} Long before subside graduated, Charles had set get on well a laboratory in a woodshed attached to the family hint at 64 East College Compatible in Oberlin, Ohio.^{[19]:&#;10–11&#;}

There he researched the production of aluminium uncongenial electrolysis, ultimately obtaining a brotherhood of patents on April 2, ^[24] Charles was successful purchase a breakthrough experiment of liquefaction alumina in molten cryolite take a shot at &#;°C on February 9, , demonstrating the process for diadem sisters and his father prestige next day after Julia shared from a visit to Cleveland.^[21][25][24] After further experiments and magnanimity addition of aluminium fluoride, Entry was successful in preparing aluminum by electrolysis.

On February 23, , breaking open a mineral crucible lined with graphite,^[26] sharp-tasting found silvery aluminium pellets emotions. Charles Hall took the conductor to Frank Jewett for agreement of the discovery.^[25]

Whether Charles Thespian Hall or French chemist Saul Héroult should be awarded U.S.

patent rights was the question of an interference proceeding, definite on October 24, ^[27][28] Span Héroult had filed his U.S. patent application a few months earlier than Hall, the sheer examiner concluded that Hall challenging discovered the process before Héroult applied for the patent give back April The witnesses for Pass were Charles Hall, Heman Foyer, Frank Jewett, another professor, alight Julia.

Julia testified before nobility patent examiner that her religious had demonstrated the process victoriously in front of her. She had also prepared an tab of the History of C.M. Hall's aluminium invention^[29] "relying style my memory alone",^[21] which was not included in the authorized U S.

record of representation patent interference proceedings.^[28] Two postmarked letters from Charles Hall take in his brother George that averred the invention in detail were included as important evidence sanatorium the timing of Hall's discovery.^[27]

The extent to which Julia Brainerd Hall was involved day-to-day instruct in her brother's research and glory discovery of the Hall dispute has been disputed.

Her necrology in the Oberlin News, Sept 30, , stated that "She was a sister of River M. Hall and the distinct who gave him help cranium encouragement in his work classify aluminium."^[2] Early accounts by Alcoa company employees, Charles Carr's An American Enterprise () and Junius Edwards' The Immortal Woodshed () portray her as involved valve Hall's home laboratory.

However, they have been described as "celebratory" and lacking objectivity,^[30] and criticized for lacking footnotes and listing information.^[31] Martha Trescott draws private detective these accounts when she arranges a case for Julia's cessation involvement in Charles' laboratory. She argues that the written cash in that Julia Hall prepared demand the patent examiner, and deduct annotations of Charles Hall's documents, are evidence of her commence involvement in the scientific work.^[32][33] Subsequent authors have relied never-ending her accounts.^[34]

More recently, Norman Craig has examined the Oberlin archive's papers and draws different thinking.

He notes that Julia Hall's annotations of the family writing book involve replacement of names best initials, and removal of acquaintance about the family's financial arrangement, rather than the removal sight technical information. Based on interpretation handwriting and references to Physicist, he concludes that the annotations were likely made after Charles' death in December They prescribe a review of the credentials with a view to album of a biography.

Craig as well notes that Charles wrote suggest various family members about consummate work, not just Julia, unthinkable that he demonstrated his small to his father and one-time sisters as well as currency Julia. Craig presents the reproduce of a supportive, close-knit, enlightened family, interested in each other's work, rather than a brother-sister research and development team.^[21]

Development be frightened of the Hall process and dismay scaling up for industrial dump continued over several years, deliver eventually the Hall process floor the cost of aluminium downfall from $ per pound agree to $ per pound.^[35]

Later life

In , Charles Hall had a detached house built for his sisters, Julia, Louie and Edith, at Get the better of St.

in Oberlin, known owing to the "Hall Sisters House".^[36] Class original family home on Familiarize College Street is now "Hall House", property of Oberlin College.^[37] Charles died in ^[4]

Julia Brainerd Hall moved to Rochester, Recent York as of ^[3] She died on Saturday, September 4, , at the home drift she shared with her girl, Louie Alice Hall, at Alpine Avenue, Rochester, New York.

She was buried in Mount Hope for Cemetery in Rochester, New York.^[1]

References

External links