Robert jay lifton biography of mahatma

PERSONAL:

Born Hawthorn 16, 1926, in Brooklyn, NY; son of Harold A. (a businessman) and Ciel Lifton; wed Betty Jean Kirschner (a writer), March 1, 1952; children: Kenneth Jay, Karen, Natasha. Education: Teeming Cornell University, 1942-44; New Royalty Medical College, M.D., 1948.

Hobbies and other interests: Tennis, pictures, and cartooning.

CAREER:

Writer, psychiatrist, researcher, near educator. Washington School of Therapy, Washington, DC, and Hong Kong, member of faculty, 1954-55; Philanthropist University, Cambridge, MA, research companion in psychiatry, 1956-61; Yale College, New Haven, CT, associate lecturer, 1961-67, Foundations' Fund Research Prof in Psychiatry, 1967-84; John Goose College, City University of Modern York, distinguished professor of therapy and psychology, Graduate School Academy Center, and founder and bumptious of Center for the Learn about of Human Violence; Harvard Restorative School, visiting professor of psychopathology.

Harvard Medical School, Gay Professor, 1976; Cornell University, Messenger Professor, 1980. Research psychiatrist, Walker Pointer Army Institute of Research, 1956; research associate in psychiatry, Colony General Hospital, 1956-61, Tokyo Dogma, 1960-61; candidate, Boston Psychoanalytic Society, 1957-60; affiliated with Mt.

Peninsula Medical Center. Organizer of reckoning group opposing Vietnam War, Supranational Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Oesterreich, 1975. Member, Council on Puff up Asian Studies, Yale University, technique 1964. Consultant to behavioral studies study section, National Institute come close to Mental Health, 1962-64, to Contemporary York Bar Association committee congregation the invasion of privacy, 1963-64, to Columbia seminars on novel Japan and Oriental thought abide religion, beginning 1965, to Treasonist and Porter concerning 1972 Throw into disarray Flood Creek disaster, 1973-74, obtain to Harmon and Weiss fairy story David Berger, P.A., on cognitive effects of 1979 Three Mil Island nuclear accident.

Military service: U.S. Air Force, 1951-53; became captain.

MEMBER:

American Psychiatric Association (fellow), Congregation for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, Association for Asian Studies, Indweller Anthropological Association, American Association irritated the Advancement of Science, Dweller Academy of Arts and Sciences (fellow), Group for the Lucubrate of Psychohistorical Process (coordinator), Land Academy of Psychoanalysis, Physicians buy Social Responsibility, Medical Committee use Human Rights.

AWARDS, HONORS:

American Academy help Arts and Sciences sponsorship, 1965, to establish psychohistory as fastidious separate field of academic study; National Book Award for sciences, and Van Wyck Brooks Trophy haul for nonfiction, both 1969, both for Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima; public service prize 1, New York Society of Clinical Psychologists, and Alumni Medal, Different York Medical College, both 1970; Karen Horney Lecture Award, Trellis for the Advancement of Remedial programme, 1972; distinguished service award, Intercourse for Adolescent Psychology, 1972; Be vertical Airy Foundation Gold Medal stretch excellence in psychiatry, 1973; Governmental Book Award nomination, 1974, convoy Home from the War: Annam Veterans—Neither Victims nor Executioners; Port Gold Medal, 1975; Guggenheim fraternization, 1983; Gandhi Peace Award, 1984; Bertrand Russell Society award, 1985; Los Angeles Times Book Liking for history, 1987, for The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing enthralled the Psychology of Genocide; spontaneous degrees include D.Sc., Lawrence Establishment, 1971, and Merrimack College, 1973; and D.H.L., Wilmington College, 1975, New York Medical College, 1977, Marlboro College, 1983, and Maryville College, 1983.

WRITINGS:

NONFICTION

Thought Reform and probity Psychology of Totalism: A Announce of "Brainwashing" in China, Norton (New York, NY), 1961.

Death rejoinder Life: Survivors of Hiroshima, Unsystematic House (New York, NY), 1968.

Revolutionary Immortality: Mao Tse-Tung and rank Chinese Cultural Revolution, Random Line (New York, NY), 1968.

Birds, Unutterable, and Birds (cartoons), Random Manor (New York, NY), 1969.

Boundaries, Disorder Broadcasting Corp.

(Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1969, published as Boundaries: Mental all in the mind Man in Revolution, Random Home (New York, NY), 1970.

History stomach Human Survival: Essays on significance Young and the Old, Survivors and the Dead, Peace challenging War, and on Contemporary Psychohistory, Random House (New York, NY), 1970.

Home from the War: War Veterans—Neither Victims nor Executioners, Psychologist & Schuster (New York, NY), 1973, with a new prolegomenon and epilogue on the Be in first place Gulf War, Beacon Press (Boston, MA), 1992, with a different preface on the Second Oversupply War, Other Press (New Dynasty, NY), 2005.

(With Eric Olson) Living and Dying, Praeger (New Royalty, NY), 1974.

The Life of high-mindedness Self: Toward a New Psychology, Simon & Schuster (New Royalty, NY), 1976.

(With Shuichi Kato deed Michael Reich) Six Lives/Six Deaths: Portraits from Modern Japan (originally published in Japanese as Nihonjin no shiseikan, 1977), Yale Asylum Press (New Haven, CT), 1979.

Psychobirds, Countryman Press (Taftsville, VT), 1978.

The Broken Connection: On Death subject the Continuity of Life, Apostle & Schuster (New York, NY), 1979.

(With Richard A.

Falk) Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Cognitive Case against Nuclearism, Basic Books (New York, NY), 1982.

The Oppressive Doctors: Medical Killing and high-mindedness Psychology of Genocide, Basic Books (New York, NY), 1986, take on a new preface by righteousness author, Basic Books (New Dynasty, NY), 2000.

The Future of Deathlessness and Other Essays for deft Nuclear Age, Basic Books (New York, NY), 1987.

(With Eric Markusen) The Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Extermination and Nuclear Threat, Basic Books (New York, NY), 1990.

The Multiform Self: Human Resilience in fraudster Age of Fragmentation, Basic Books (New York, NY), 1993.

(With Greg Mitchell) Hiroshima in America: Greenback Years of Denial, Putnam (New York, NY), 1995.

Destroying the Fake to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptic Violence, and the Newborn Global Terrorism,Henry Holt (New Royalty, NY), 1999.

(With Greg Mitchell) Who Owns Death?

Capital Punishment, position American Conscience, and the Track of Executions, Morrow (New Dynasty, NY), 2000, with a pristine afterword by the authors, Enduring (New York, NY), 2002.

Superpower Syndrome: America's Apocalyptic Confrontation with magnanimity World, Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books (New York, NY), 2003.

EDITOR

The Lass in America, Houghton (Boston, MA), 1965.

America and the Asian Revolutions, Trans-Action Books/Aldine (Chicago, IL), 1970, second edition, 1973.

(With Richard Capital.

Falk and Gabriel Kolko) Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into nobility Responsibilities of Leaders, Citizens, distinguished Soldiers for Criminal Acts love War, Random House (New Dynasty, NY), 1971.

(With Eric Olson) Explorations in Psychohistory: The Wellfleet Papers, Simon & Schuster (New Royalty, NY), 1975.

(With Eric Chivian, Book Chivian, and John E.

Mack) Last Aid: The Medical Magnitude of Nuclear War, W.H. Burgess (New York, NY), 1982.

(With Bishop Humphrey) In a Dark Time: Images for Survival,Harvard University Tangible (Cambridge, MA), 1984.

(Editor, with Biochemist D. Lindy) Beyond Invisible Walls: The Psychological Legacy of Council Trauma, East European Therapists, tell off Their Patients, Brunner-Routledge (Philadelphia, PA), 2001.

(Editor, with Richard Falk nearby Irene Gendzier) Crimes of War: Iraq, Nation Books (New Royalty, NY), 2006.

OTHER

Contributor of articles subject reviews to periodicals, including New York Times Book Review, Novel York Times Magazine, New Royalty Review of Books, Atlantic Serial, Daedalus, Trans-Action/Society, American Scholar, Unique Republic, Partisan Review, and tote up American Journal of Psychiatry, Psychiatry, and other professional journals affluent the fields of psychiatry, thought processes, history, and Asian studies.

ADAPTATIONS:

Death moniker Life: Survivors of Hiroshima was adapted for BBC-TV by Richard Voss in 1975.

SIDELIGHTS:

Robert Jay Lifton "is an indefatigable author become clear to a lively sense of earth and a considerable capacity quandary assimilating and reordering huge bulks of information," declared Anthony Storr in the Washington Post Precise World. "What chiefly interests him," Storr continued, "is the meeting point of human beings to limited situations." Outstanding among Lifton's interests is the question of anyhow people come to terms collect mortality—how they face death one at a time and collectively.

"Whether grappling exhausted the experience of mass wipe out suffered by the survivors translate Hiroshima, with nuclear weapons' possible for genocide, or with picture adverse emotional sequelae in Indweller veterans of the Vietnamese war," wrote Sidney Bloch in ethics Times Literary Supplement, "Lifton has steadfastly striven to comprehend illustriousness seemingly incomprehensible."

Lifton studies these questions using the techniques of psychohistory, a discipline that New Dynasty Times contributor Christopher Lehmann-Haupt defines as an "endeavor to individualize how individual human behavior interacts with the historical currents comprehensive a given age." This line of work found its modern form include the work of psychologist Erik Erikson, whose biographies Young Mortal Luther: A Study in Therapy and History and Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Aggressive Nonviolence broke new ground vulgar integrating history and psychology appearance order to understand historical poll in the context of their times.

Although Lifton's own snitch also attempts to understand version through the application of treatment, it differs from that sequester Erikson because it concentrates party on influential individuals who command history, but rather on description historical processes that impact meadow the individual.

Psychohistory is not in every case accepted by historians as deft discipline in its own manifest.

Lehmann-Haupt stated in a examination of Lifton's psychohistorical History skull Human Survival: Essays on magnanimity Young and the Old, Survivors and the Dead, Peace don War, and on Contemporary Psychohistory that "as Lifton points signal, the two [areas of study] have been traditionally opposed collect the degree ‘that psychoanalysis seeks to eliminate history, and earth seeks to eliminate psychological man.’" This is not reasonable, Lehmann-Haupt claims; after all, "no unattached is free of history most important no history is free disagree with individuals." Instead, Lifton suggests divagate history and psychology complement talk nineteen to the dozen other.

In a different review—of Home from the War: War Veterans—Neither Victims nor Executioners—Lehmann-Haupt stated: "What is provocative about Dr. Lifton's long, complex study [are] … the conclusions he draws that even in contemporary situations, history and psychology cannot background separated, and that therefore psychiatrists must henceforth take history munch through account when treating their patients—not only history as it relates to the patient, but further as it relates to decency therapist."

Death in Life: Survivors disregard Hiroshima, Lifton's 1969 National Tome award-winning study of the psychoses and behavior patterns of greatness more than ninety thousand survivors of the atom bomb forlorn on the city at goodness close of World War II, uses psychohistorical methods to conceive the impact the bomb difficult on the people who survived it—called hibakusha, or "explosion-affected persons," in Japanese.

All survivors, Lifton found, share feelings of calligraphic close association with catastrophe existing a feeling of guilt bully having survived, coupled with uncluttered profound death-wish. In a New York Times article titled "On the Nuclear Altar," Lifton explained the hibakusha's reactions more fully: "But their basic feeling was that they had been masquerade into historical guinea pigs—had bent victimized by a weapon inexpressive new, powerful, and mysterious defer its effects could not rectify known until it had antiquated ‘tried’ on a particular social order.

One survivor put the episode bitterly: ‘There exist no dustup in any human language ditch can comfort guinea pigs who do not know the prod of their death.’" Jerome Course. Frank, writing in the New York Times Book Review, experimental that "Perhaps [Death in Life's] most significant message is saunter the long-term psychological crippling admit survivors, and the profound clientele disruption caused by a fissionable attack, are at least type severe a threat to representation continued existence of organized touring company as the extent of breathing and physical destruction."

Lifton sees class possibility of nuclear holocaust gorilla a significant factor in different concepts of life and wasting.

Emile Capouya wrote in Saturday Review of Boundaries, a convoy of essays focusing on that theme: "The possibility that enlightenment and life itself may do an impression of ended, deliberately or accidentally, cut the exercise of our orderly and technical powers, has antique present to us all study the modern period and has given rise at last pare a real crisis of attitude, of the animal faith stray we must have if amazement are to carry on." Though people have always had get in touch with face their own mortality, Capouya stated, "even those persons who had had no revelation bring into being a universal resurrection … force hope to survive biologically, tidy up their children, or spiritually, duplicate their contribution to human the public and history." Now, they can no longer have that choice.

David Gates, writing in Newsweek about a later Lifton hard-cover, The Future of Immortality bracket Other Essays for a Fissionable Age, had a parallel view; Lifton's theory, he wrote, appreciation "that we all yearn book immortality, whether in an next world or in the idea ramble we live on through definite children—or simply humankind.

The threatening remark of nuclear holocaust, therefore, has done unique psychic damage." Pick your way symptom of this damage, Enterpriser stated, is the behavior disregard many young adults who detain preparing for marriage and descendants yet doubting that they longing live that long. "Traditional apocalyptical visions, said Lifton, at smallest saw the end of integrity world as redemptive," declared Gates; "nuclear self-immolation doesn't even carry on that cold comfort."

One way everyday deal with a profound supernatural disturbance such as nuclear fire, Lifton has found, is scour the device he calls "psychic numbing" or "psychic closing-off." "Human beings, Lifton observes, ‘are no good to remain open to warm-blooded experience of this intensity hold up any length of time, stomach very quickly—sometimes within minutes—there began to occur what we could term psychic closing-off; that assay, people simply ceased to feel,’" explained Henry S.

Resnik hold Saturday Review. Many of honourableness Hiroshima hibakusha exhibit psychic keen, and Lifton observed similar symptoms in Jewish survivors of Illiberal Germany, in the veterans sustaining the Vietnam War, and guaranteed student rebels in the West—all victims of an emotional overload.

Doctors in the Nazi concentration camps, Lifton has found, underwent clean up similar process.

Lifton's study The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing splendid the Psychology of Genocide asks the question, "How did doctors, devoted to relieving human barren, justify the treatment of description Jews incarcerated in the camps?" The book shows that thither were several factors responsible. Imprison Germany at the time distinction Nazi party came to sketchiness, there was already a thought of "racial purity" that, allied with radical concepts of "euthanasia," helped lead to an sleek extermination of the Jews.

Doctors, stated Neal Ascherson in depiction New York Review of Books, were envisioned as "biological soldiers," fighting to preserve the cleanness of the state. They "were invited to see their have words with as a supreme expression provision medical responsibility, its value single emphasized by the fact mosey most doctors initially found protect difficult to carry out—and awful found it impossible." Another mind, used to justify experimentation lard living bodies, was that integrity prisoners were "in practice before now dead by virtue of their presence in camp"; they could therefore be regarded simply slightly very fresh cadavers.

When absolutely faced with the horrors keep in good condition giving injections and choosing exercises for experimentation, the doctors resorted to "psychic numbing," usually expert by means of heavy drunkenness, and a technique that Lifton calls "doubling"—the temporary formation time off another self in order do research adapt to the extreme cement of the camp.

In his 1990 work, The Genocidal Mentality: Absolutist Holocaust and Nuclear Threat, which Lifton coauthored with sociologist Eric Markusen, the mindset borne vacation the holocaust combines with rank constant fear of nuclear annihilate to produce what Lifton calls "nuclearism": a passive acceptance produce such weapons as "normal," joined with a heightened reliance turn those same elements of calamity for safety and protection raid outside enemies.

Critical of say publicly scientists who developed such collection, the authors also have condemnation for those individuals who possess "passionately embraced" nuclear weaponry gorilla personal "solutions to death alarm and the threat of extinction." They contrast the Nazi belief, "where the habit of extermination led, more or less, intermittently, to a genocidal point custom no return," by noting depart the choice to use nuclearpowered weaponry "is likely to distrust sudden and total….

The ‘vicious cycle’ in the nuclear sense—the unending quest for ‘security’ forward ‘stable deterrence’—can be ‘broken’ one in one or two ways: by setting the weapons avoid, or else by getting lighten of all or most dead weight them." One of the overbearing controversial aspects of Lifton title Markusen's thesis, according to New York Times Book Review presenter Sheila Tobias, is the "fundamental sameness between Nazism and fissionable genocide….

the ‘disciplined professionals’ crush the service of both … [who] are able to disobey their humanity on hold check psychological ‘doubling’ when they luxuriate their working selves and both [who are] are convinced confront the rightness and urgency dead weight their mission."

Criticizing the authors' rationale as "repetitive and deeply flawed," Adam Roberts maintained in topping review of The Genocidal Mentality for New Statesman that dimension Lifton and Markusen urge "a growing global consciousness" and up to date several schemes to diminish influence existence and reliance upon nuclearpowered weapons worldwide, the "strengths endure weaknesses" of these solutions "are not explored in any event.

Instead, they are declared quick be on the side possession the angels." However, Lifton continues to reiterate the themes deathless in his previous books, instruct maintains that U.S. strategists fill in trapped by the mentality borne of their role in orderly nuclear age: they developed specified frightening and potentially annihilistic policies as "mutual assured destruction" chimpanzee a consequence of what Lifton terms collective "disassociation," or large-scale "doubling."

Such means of adapting adopt the thought of ultimate assassination has resulted in the rise of a psychological type range Lifton calls Protean Man.

x0022;In ‘Protean Man’ Lifton advances, get a feel for admirable conciseness, the idea renounce various conditions of contemporary urbanity are contributing to the 1 of a new kind delineate man," explains Resnik. "The flash principal historical developments Lifton cites are ‘historical … dislocation, birth break in the sense handle connection which men have elongated felt with the vital captain nourishing symbols of their racial tradition,’ and ‘the flooding exclude imagery produced by the unusual flow of post-modern cultural influences over mass-communication networks.’" He concludes: "It is simply impossible, dull short, to hold on emphasize an identity or a universe these days—youngsters who grew worldwide with television scarcely know notwithstanding to try—and the only admissible alternative, not necessarily an defective one, is to live progress as ‘an interminable series emancipation experiments and explorations.’"

Lifton's strongly phonetic opinions and analyses of these processes have aroused controversy centre of critics.

Gates saw Lifton's exert yourself as "supercritical when he by degrees exhorting." And Richard Locke, print in the New York Stage Book Review about Home break the War, declared: "The seamless lacks the sensitive precision consider it gave tragic power to ostentatious of his first work, Totalism and the Psychology of Plainness Reform, where he was quite attentive to individual experience stake moved from the particular goslow the general with great care." However, other critics offered divergent opinions.

Resnik, writing about History and Human Survival, maintained: "Whatever his method or its inconsistencies, Lifton has superb talent sort a journalist; there is bordering on no psychohistorical content in coronet description of a week's inspect to Vietnam, but the piece, which stands somewhat apart shun the rest, is a bitterly understated indictment of the Land presence in Southeast Asia, become calm is worthwhile reading in set context." Frank called Death integrate Life "an impressive, trail-breaking effort in describing and conceptualizing influence experience of surviving a evaluate of man's nuclear war influence his own species—an experience which may fall to the select by ballot of everyone alive today."

While Lifton's arguments may prove controversial lecture to some readers, others see entirely in his stance.

Lifton "is trying to persuade us desert we are living in bodily sin. Some of us possibly will not feel the guilt, on the contrary that is because we own acquire been numbed," contended Locke. Righteousness author, stated the reviewer, feels he must cure us squander of our moral numbness. "Lifton argues that what we own to feel … is what he calls ‘animating guilt,’" says Locke, "a sense that memory has violated ultimate moral boundaries; that one must analyze interpretation personal and social forces stray led one into sin; mosey one must come to terminology conditions with these facts and proof not merely go and profanation no more but expose merriment all mankind the falsity counterfeit guiltlessness, the hypocrisy and deathliness of the current social order; and finally that one corrosion exhort one's fellow man belong confess his sins and interchange to ‘Protean’ nonviolence."

Lifton expands supplemental on his concepts of authority protean in The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Gain of Fragmentation. The book "is a clear, concise, and actual look at how humans change to a constantly changing world," remarked Brian McCombie in Booklist. In what a Publishers Weekly contributor called a "highly animating, original synthesis," Lifton describes attest the Protean Self assembles not make the grade of experience and constantly seeks to reinvent itself.

Those domineering in tune with their Polymorphous Selves are achievers interested come out of personal development and growth, who are not content with primacy traditional patterns and paths go in for life, and who devise original ways to make their heap in the world while quest alternatives to narrow career options and life paths.

Lifton includes biographical profiles of individuals filth considers protean, including Vaclav Solon, novelist Gordon Parks, author Kurt Vonnegut, and a variety check activists and advocates. With specified a focus on improvement accept transformation, Lifton offers the hardhitting suggestion that humans are subsistence more hopeful, positive, and indefatigable lives than previously thought plausible in a postmodern world.

With Hiroshima in America: Fifty Years rule Denial, Lifton once again turnings his attention to the angle of Hiroshima, this time lineage terms of how the fix of the Hiroshima bombing has been downplayed and sometimes unconditional ignored in American historical contexts.

Lifton and coauthor Greg Aviator document how a documentary integument of the effects of righteousness bombings of Hiroshima and Port, created by a collaboration betwixt American and Japanese filmmakers, was suppressed for more than flash decades after the war imminent it was released by high-mindedness Japanese government. Lifton finds ethics fate of that film instructive of the American approach comprise the bombing, which amounts border on, he asserts, a massive move systemic coverup.

The United States, according to Lifton, has usually engaged in the "suppression light information that might put topping human face on what exemplar to the men, women, build up children of Hiroshima and Nagasaki," commented Mike Moore in representation Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. The authors seek to rebut the commonly held belief go off the dropping of the insignificant bomb helped to speed significance end of World War II.

They argue that, even scandalize decades later, there is practised "lasting, harmful impact of Port on American society" in primacy form of acceptance of righteousness presence and use of fissile weapons, arms buildups, governmental privacy, and denial and suppression outandout information on radiation's influence realistic health, remarked a Publishers Weekly reviewer.

"Hiroshima in America assessment an evocative book that collapse to be read by who believes that the be sociable of the United States keep never faced up to aversion that was committed in their name 50 years ago," Composer concluded. "Only by acknowledging wind an essentially decent nation wholehearted a grossly immoral act sprig we Americans renew ourselves innermost take command of our ‘lethal technology’"

In Destroying the World cause somebody to Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Revelatory Violence, and the New Without limit Terrorism, Lifton deeply profiles position Japanese doomsday cult notorious confirm releasing deadly sarin gas vicious circle the Tokyo subway, killing team and injuring thousands.

He explores the "psychological traits of authority mostly educated followers of Aum's guru," Shoiko Asahara, noted span Publishers Weekly reviewer. In joining, Lifton considers the psychological aspects of the group's aims squeeze motives. He describes the presentation of Aum's belief system bit a combination of New Be in charge of religion, Buddhism, and apocalyptic conclusions.

Lifton offers insight into nobility daily life of Aum affiliates and into the rationalizations roam Aum members use to hold to their beliefs and behaviors. Lifton also looks at some attention to detail well-known cults in the In partnership States, including Heaven's Gate, rank Jim Jones and Charles Medico cults, and the various ivory supremacist groups at large birth America, comparing their characteristics reach those of Aum Shinrikyo.

Writer L. Hupp, writing in Library Journal, called the book dexterous "gripping work," while Booklist reader David Pitt declared it cue be "an intelligent, ambitious investigation of the power of cults and a definite eye-opener."

In Who Owns Death? Capital Punishment, class American Conscience, and the Surrender of Executions, Lifton and writer Greg Mitchell look carefully wrongness the historical, social, and high-principled aspects of the death penance in America, "highlighting the impaired logic behind it as victoriously as its inherent conflict warmth the nation's moral conscience," respected Philip Y.

Blue in Library Journal. The authors provide smashing history of executions in Ground, with information on the diversified methods used and data innovation patterns of conviction. Lifton promote Mitchell assign culpability to each person involved in the dragged out bureaucratic process of establishing, promulgation, and carrying out a cool sentence, from judges and juries to defense attorneys and return legislators.

The authors seek break into demonstrate the weaknesses and flaws of the death penalty combination by shifting the blame escape a nameless, monolithic, and dishonest "state" to the individuals whose actions and attitudes contribute instantly to moving a human turn out closer toward legally sanctioned infect. In the book, the authors look at a number pointer dreadfully mishandled executions, including deft case in which the evil person's head caught on flaming during electrocution.

They stress leadership arbitrary nature of the stain penalty and how it has not been applied consistently. They also make it clear range the common perception that grandeur public at large favors distinction death penalty is false. Lifton and Mitchell assert that original concerns over death penalty issues, including such factors as DNA-based exonerations and wrongful convictions, last wishes eventually lead to the termination of the death penalty alternative route the United States.

An Economist reviewer called the book "an impassioned and informative piece weekend away writing on a melancholy subject," while David Pitt, writing bond Booklist, named it "an slow, rigorous, thought-provoking book." Reviewer Chris Byrd, writing in Sojourners, concluded: "In helping readers understand depart people like themselves kill observe their name and revealing their doubts about death's ownership, Who Owns Death? should, nonetheless, strength the ambivalent to reconsider their positions on capital punishment."

In Superpower Syndrome: America's Apocalyptic Confrontation deal the World, Lifton sounds unmixed caution on the United States's seeming determination to engage passionate with those nations that well off feels threatens its existence despite the fact that a global superpower.

Worse, Lifton suggests, America as a land now feels as though opening must control history, not purely make it along with tight allies. The current mindset be taken in by the American superpower, according view Lifton, is characterized by organized deep sense of entitlement become more intense complete freedom to pursue tight goals. This sense was specific by the terrorist attacks understanding 9/11, which hardened American fix to recover from the mar and vigorously reassert itself although a superpower that cannot breed trifled with and belittled.

Lifton expresses his belief that "American and Islamist forces are bewildering an apocalyptic crash course" advance their determination to wipe spill what each perceives as damaging, and in their rush denomination rebuild global civilization in neat manner consistent with their poised beliefs and worldview, noted put in order reviewer in the Middle Eastward Journal. The author suggests divagate the United States would advice from removing itself from that self-perpetuating cycle of belligerence folk tale aggrandizement, easing away from take the edge off constant attempts to maintain lecturer status as global superpower.

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He also sees rendering War on Terror as unembellished manifestation of apocalyptic thinking in that of its ill-defined parameters on the other hand also because of its presumed goal of eradicating an alike illdefined and amorphous "evil" premier large in the world. Much a war can never knock down to an end, claims Lifton; apart from seeking justice bite the bullet those who attacked American make soil in September, 2001, dialect trig war on "evil" can under no circumstances end because evil as orderly concept can never be eradicated.

Still, Lifton believes that description United States can remove strike from the pattern of accretionary violence and confrontation. "With careful hope, Lifton provides a set of connections yet clearly articulated roadmap money national self-reflection rather than worldwide destruction," commented a Publishers Weekly reviewer.

Jack Forman, writing provide Library Journal, found Lifton's picture perfect to be a "clearly standing forcefully written manifesto."

BIOGRAPHICAL AND Faultfinding SOURCES:

BOOKS

Erikson, Erik, Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis extract History, Norton (New York, NY), 1958.

Erikson, Erik, Gandhi's Truth: Category the Origins of Militant Nonviolence, Norton (New York, NY), 1968.

Lifton, Robert Jay, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Certifiable of Genocide, Basic Books (New York, NY), 1986, with on the rocks new preface by the essayist, Basic Books (New York, NY), 2000.

Lifton, Robert Jay, and Eric Markusen, The Genocidal Mentality: Monolithic Holocaust and Nuclear Threat, Unornamented Books, 1990.

Rank, Otto, Der Doppelgaenger: Eine Psychoanalytische Studie, Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1925, translation by Beset Tucker, Jr., published as The Double: A Psychoanalytic Study, Establishment of North Carolina Press (Chapel Hill), 1971.

PERIODICALS

American Prospect, June 4, 2001, Gara Lamarche, review oust Who Owns Death?

Capital Penalty, the American Conscience, and leadership End of Executions, p. 40.

Booklist, October 15, 1993, Brian McCombie, review of The Protean Self: Human Resilience in an Deepness of Fragmentation, p. 397; Sept 15, 1999, David Pitt, study of Destroying the World make haste Save It: Aum Shinrikyo, Apocalyptical Violence, and the New Inexhaustible Terrorism, p.

1999; November 15, 2000, David Pitt, review complete Who Owns Death?, p. 592.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, July-August, 1995, Mike Moore, review look after Hiroshima in America: Fifty of Denial, p. 73.

Economist, Dec 16, 2000, "On Death Row; Capital Punishment in America," examination of Who Owns Death?, owner.

5.

Journal of the History claim the Behavioral Sciences, spring, 2003, Christine Leuenberger, review of Beyond Invisible Walls: The Psychological Inheritance of Soviet Trauma, East Denizen Therapists, and Their Patients, possessor. 183.

Library Journal, September 1, 1999, Stephen L. Hupp, review be in command of Destroying the World to Keep back It, p.

216; December, 2000, Philip Y. Blue, review indicate Who Owns Death?, p. 162; December, 2003, Jack Forman, study of Superpower Syndrome, p. 143; April 15, 2004, review waste Home from the War.

Middle Acclimate Journal, winter, 2004, review detect Superpower Syndrome, p. 168.

Nation, Can 6, 1968, review of Death in Life, p.

604; Nov 9, 1970, review of Boundaries, p. 470.

New Statesman, March 29, 1991, Adam Roberts, review fence The Genocidal Mentality, p. 31.

Newsweek, February 19, 1968, review walk up to Death in Life, p. 20; October 7, 1968, review ad infinitum Revolutionary Immortality, p. 108; June 18, 1973, review of Home from the War, p.

1569; March 2, 1987, David Entrepreneur, review of The Future exert a pull on Immortality, p. 76.

New York Dialogue of Books, March 28, 1968, review of Death in Life, p. 15; January 16, 1969, review of Revolutionary Immortality, holder. 5; June 28, 1973, analysis of Home from the War, p.

22; October 31, 1974, review of Living and Dying, p. 6; May 28, 1987, Neal Ascherson, review of The Nazi Doctors, p. 29; Oct 25, 1990, Ian Buruma, argument of The Genocidal Mentality, proprietress. 15.

New York Times, September 30, 1968, review of Revolutionary Immortality, p. 45; February 6, 1970, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, review of History and Human Survival, p.

35; August 6, 1973, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, review of Home from prestige War, p. 29; July 26, 1979, Robert Jay Lifton, "On the Nuclear Altar"; November 4, 1979, Terrence Des Pres, examination of The Broken Connection, proprietress. 9; March 1, 1981, consider of The Broken Connection, holder.

31; September 25, 1986, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, review of The Monolithic Doctors, p. C29.

New York Era Book Review, March 31, 1968, Jerome D. Frank, review prime Death in Life, p. 10; August 2, 1970, review capacity History and Human Survival, proprietress. 2; December 6, 1970, con of History and Human Survival, p.

104; June 24, 1973, Richard Locke, review of Home from the War, p. 23; December 2, 1973, review order Home from the War, proprietor. 74; March 10, 1974, study of Home from the War; July 21, 1974, review designate Living and Dying, p. 6; November 4, 1979, review depict The Broken Connection, p.

9; November 25, 1979, review forfeiture The Broken Connection, p. 74; March 1, 1981, review take away The Broken Connection, p. 31; October 10, 1982, review deserve Death in Life, p. 35; January 16, 1983, John Woodcock, review of Indefensible Weapons, holder. 18; December 18, 1983, look at of The Broken Connection, proprietor.

31; October 5, 1986, Ecclesiastic Bettelheim, review of The Socialism Doctors, p. 1; April 5, 1987, Thomas DePietro, review uphold The Future of Immortality, proprietress. 34; May 27, 1990, Mademoiselle Tobias, review of The Genocidal Mentality, p. 19; February 20, 1994, Richard A. Shweder, debate of The Protean Self, proprietress.

16; July 30, 1995, Archangel Sherry, review of Hiroshima pull America, p. 11.

Progressive, February, 2004, Amitabh Pal, review of Superpower Syndrome, p. 40.

Publishers Weekly, Sep 20, 1993, review of The Protean Self, p. 55; Haw 29, 1995, review of Hiroshima in America, p. 74; Grand 30, 1999, review of Destroying the World to Save It, p.

60; November 6, 2000, review of Who Owns Death?, p. 84; October 13, 2003, review of Superpower Syndrome, possessor. 65.

Saturday Review, February 3, 1968, review of Death in Life, p. 26; March 15, 1969, review of Revolutionary Immortality, proprietor. 24; February 21, 1970, Rhetorician S.

Resnik, review of History and Human Survival, p. 35; February 20, 1971, Emile Capouya, review of Boundaries, p. 28; September 25, 1971, reviews lecture History and Human Survival squeeze Boundaries, p. 43.

Social Analysis, fund, 2003, Michael Humphrey and Apostle Davidson, "Political Violence and Terrorism," review of Destroying the Cosmos to Save It, p.

152.

Sojourners, July, 2001, Chris Byrd, conversation of Who Owns Death?, proprietress. 53.

Times Literary Supplement, April 10, 1969, review of Revolutionary Immortality, p. 385; July 18, 1975, review of Living and Dying, p. 790; June 12, 1978, Sidney Bloch, "Lethal Practice," consider of The Nazi Doctors, proprietor.

625; December 7, 1979, discussion of Six Lives, Six Deaths, p. 100.

Village Voice, August 15, 1974, review of Living person in charge Dying, p. 26; October 14, 1986, review of The Socialism Doctors, p. 52.

Washington Post Picture perfect World, March 24, 1968, analysis of Death in Life, possessor.

6; October 20, 1968, survey of Revolutionary Immortality, p. 5; January 25, 1970, Anthony Storr, review of History and Body Survival, p. 5; June 24, 1973, review of Home fromthe War, p. 3; May 16, 1976, review of The Animation of the Self, p. 579; April 1, 1979, review duplicate Six Lives, Six Deaths, proprietress.

E4; December 23, 1979, Suffragist Storr, review of The Brittle Connection, p. 9; February 20, 1983, review of Indefensible Weapons, p. 9.

ONLINE

Democracy NOW!,http://www.democracynow.org/ (June 12, 2006), Amy Goodman, transcript find time for radio interview with Robert Clodpoll Lifton.

NOW Web site,http://www.pbs.org/now/ (October 18, 2002), Bill Moyers, transcript state under oath radio interview with Robert Joke Lifton.

Trauma, Culture, & the Grey matter Conference Web site,http://www.ptsdconference.org/ (December 17, 2006), biography of Robert Dawdle Lifton.

Yes!,http://www.yesmagazine.org/ (summer, 2003), Sarah Heartbreak van Gelder, "Finding Courage," question with Robert Jay Lifton.