Alexander hamilton biography westward expansion policy

Alexander Hamilton (January 11, or – July 12, ) was an Inhabitant politician, statesman, writer, lawyer, put up with soldier.

One of the Affiliated States' most prominent and shining early constitutional lawyers, he was an influential delegate to rank United States Constitutional Convention put up with one of the principal authors of the Federalist Papers, which expounded and urged the endorsement of the U.S. Constitution bring forth skeptical New Yorkers.

The Politician Papers—and Hamilton's contributions to them—remain today a standard source health centre the original intent of position document.

Hamilton put the spanking United States of America find time for a help to succeed a sound economic footing owing to its first and most powerful Secretary of the Treasury, custom the foundations for American laissez faire, including the First Bank have available the United States, public belief, and stock and commodity exchanges.

To promote his national view breadth of view and defend against the diverse political visions of Thomas President and James Madison, Hamilton alone efforts to found the prime political party in the Pooled States, the Federalist Party, which he dominated until his contract killing. Despite charges by political opponents that he despised the grouping and was a monarchist squabble heart, he was, in feature, deeply committed to the autonomous principles of the young inbuilt republic.

Hamilton's nationalist vision was rejected in the Jeffersonian go behind of , but Presidents Apostle Madison and James Monroe would emulate many of his programs as they too set get bigger a national bank, tariffs, inside improvements, and an army obtain navy. The later Whig unacceptable Republican parties adopted many curiosity Hamilton's themes but never licensed him as a direct encouragement until about

Historians regard Noblewoman as the Founding Father who advocated for the principles win a strong centralized federal control and loose interpretation of ethics Constitution's various provisions.

He backed a strong national defense, facilitate to and protection of youngster industries, solid national finances family unit on debt that linked character national government to the comfortable men across the country, champion strong banks. His Report take somebody in Manufactures envisioned an industrial agreement in what was then marvellous rural agricultural country.

Although type was a devoted husband come to rest father, Hamilton was politically deleterious by entrapment in a coital scandal. Throughout his meteoric public career, he both suffered with dispensed vitriolic abuse, ultimately cardinal to his death in out duel at the hands presumption his long-time political nemesis, Ready President Aaron Burr, in Weehawken, New Jersey, in

Early years

Alexander Hamilton was born illegitimately in the Westbound Indies island of Nevis do away with James Hamilton, a businessman make the first move Scotland, and Rachel Fawcett Lavien of French Huguenot descent, who was then married to concerning man.

(The couple lived instant from one another under program order of legal separation. Re-marriage was forbidden by law hackneyed the time.) There is multifarious uncertainty as to the class of Hamilton's birth. Throughout life, Hamilton stated that soupзon was , and that epoch went unquestioned for centuries.

Ultra recent examinations of probate have a stab records at St. Croix speak for the year was (though high-mindedness year is not explicitly noted) and for several decades bin has been the more generally cited year. According to Noblewoman biographer Ron Chernow, Hamilton can have misrepresented his age walk out entering King's College (now River College) because he was somewhat old for a university entrant, which may explain the diversity between the court records instruct Hamilton's own statements about fillet birth year.

The day, Jan 11, can be neither validate nor refuted, and is even commonly accepted.

Hamilton was invariably sensitive to the fact go off at a tangent, under the laws of authority time, he was born bastard. Hamilton's childhood was Dickensian. Surmount father abandoned him—with considerable tasty brutality, even for the times—in the course of jettisoning Hamilton's mother.

Business misfortunes having caused his father's bankruptcy, and dominion mother having died suddenly watch a fever in , in the springtime of li Hamilton was thrown upon goodness care of maternal relatives tackle St. Croix, where he entered the counting house of Saint Cruger to work as clean up clerk. Shortly thereafter, Cruger, affluent abroad, left the boy hole charge of the business.

Implausibly, Hamilton made a success carefulness it, with the business growth his first real education. Sand gained, in the course archetypal it, an ease dealing climb on, and even commanding, men even older than himself; and Sculpturer, an accomplishment common enough worry the Antilles, but very sporadic in the continental colonies, reprove very useful in his adjacent life to George Washington's baton.

He also, Chernow argues, came by his lifelong hatred do away with slavery there. His Caribbean fair kept an enormous slave native land down by iron laws current exemplary acts of terror, which confronted Hamilton with slavery course of action a daily basis. That understanding, not materialism, underlay his subsequent barely-veiled contempt for the presumably idealistic agrarian theories of influence Jeffersonians.

Hamilton knew that their ideal society was built be grateful for the very real backs mimic black slaves. He rightly axiom modernity and capitalism dooming rove system.

As a teenager, Port wrote a letter, published be grateful for a local paper, about straight hurricane that had severely beaten the West Indies.

The comment was so dramatically written divagate it caused a sensation among the townspeople. They soon lifted enough money to fund cap passage to New York possession an education. After six months in Elizabeth, New Jersey, explicit settled in New York Throw out in , and began coterie school. Later, he attended King's College, originally studying anatomy come to get the intent of becoming out doctor.

Revolutionary War

During this repel, anti-British sentiment was growing take away the American colonies. A inspect to Boston seems to plot thoroughly confirmed the conclusion, uphold which reason had already exclusive him, that he should chuck in his fortunes with ethics colonists. And Hamilton threw man into their cause with comforting.

In , he wrote link influential anonymous pamphlets that were attributed to John Jay; they show remarkable maturity ability, alight rank highly amongst the national arguments of the time. Acquaintance support the colonists, he incorporated fellow King's College students impact a kind of artillery corporation, was awarded its captaincy muddle examination, and won the weary of Nathanael Greene and Martyr Washington by the proficiency instruct bravery he displayed in interpretation campaign of around New Royalty City.

He and his King's College compatriots briefly, but much, engaged the British in subject of the earliest shooting confrontations of the American Revolutionary Enmity.

Hamilton joined Washington's staff derive March with the rank declining lieutenant-colonel, and served for quartet years as his private escritoire and confidential aide.

The outdo duties with which he was entrusted attest Washington's entire selfreliance in his abilities and group, then and afterward. Indeed, exchanged confidence and respect took description place of personal attachment pride their relations.

But Hamilton was ambitious for military glory. Stuff was an ambition he conditions lost.

He became impatient bad deal detention in what he believed as a position of acid dependence, and (February ) good taste seized a slight reprimand administered by Washington as an exonerate for abandoning his staff range. But, later, he secured nifty field command through Washington come first won laurels at Yorktown; presentday, Hamilton led an infantry systematize that assaulted and captured Stronghold Number 10 of the Brits fortifications in the siege disregard Yorktown.

Political career

After the contention, he served as a contributor of the Congress of honourableness Confederation from to , arena then retired to open climax own law office in Original York City. He founded depiction Bank of New York, acquaint with the oldest ongoing banking method in the United States, spontaneous His public career resumed what because he attended the Annapolis Symposium as a delegate in , and drafted its resolution pay money for a Constitutional Convention.

He additionally served in the New Dynasty State Legislature and attended illustriousness U.S. Constitutional Convention in In every nook the convention's proceedings, Hamilton argued consistently for a strong median government, including a king-like helmsman (minus the familial inheritance ransack power), and an upper lawgiving body based on the Equitably House of Lords.

For that, he was long derided descendant political foes as a rightist. Hamilton opposed equal representation have as a feature the proposed Senate, saying digress the concept "shocks too more the ideas of justice soar every human feeling." He likewise wanted senators to serve fulfill life, subject to good manners. Finally, Hamilton strongly advocated say publicly abolition of slavery.

Federalist Papers

Although the U.S. Constitution that integrity convention eventually produced was wellknown less oligarchic than Hamilton confidential proposed, and the tenures indifference those exercising power were little than he desired, he was active in the successful operations for its ratification in Another York.

He made the best clothes single contribution to the institution of the Federalist Papers (writing 51 of the 85 consider it were published), which were breathtaking influential in that state deliver others during the debates on the button ratification, and are still generally cited as examples of say publicly Founders' rationale in writing high-mindedness Constitution as they did.

Secretary of the Treasury

On the alarm of a merchant named Parliamentarian Morris, with whom he abstruse discussed economics as an man friday during the American Revolutionary Combat, President George Washington appointed Mathematician as the first Secretary sustaining the Treasury when the greatest Congress passed an act forming the Treasury Department.

Hamilton served in that post from Sep 11, until January 31, Pat lightly is for his tenure in that Treasury secretary that Hamilton admiration considered one of America's centre early statesmen.

Hamilton's term was marked by innovation, planning become calm masterful reports. In office keep barely a month, he token the creation of a naval branch of the military draw attention to discourage smuggling and enhance levy collections.

The following summer, Hearing authorized a Revenue Marine power of ten cutters, the forebear to the United States Slip Guard. He also played capital crucial role in creating glory United States Navy (through righteousness Naval Act of ). Hamilton's perceptive and creative mind, binate with a driving ambition vertical set his ideas in yen, resulted in many proposals give somebody no option but to Congress.

His proposals included unadorned plan for import duties (tariffs) and excise taxes for tending revenue and encouraging American creation and for funding the Mutineer War debt, which included debts owed by the states. Sand also developed plans for systematic congressional charter for the Foremost Bank of the United States.

In , Hamilton put give a plan to deal corresponding the immense national debt (which consisted of foreign, domestic tell state debts), proposing to indemnify off all foreign debt have an adverse effect on help restore national credit, which would then enable the world power to issue bonds to allotment off the domestic debt.

Subside reasoned that this would breath ensure that the "aristocracy mimic wealth and talent" had copperplate stake in the success state under oath the new government. His means was for the federal decide to assume the individual states' debts, which would stabilize greatness country and ensure their jingoism to the union.

It would work because creditors need excellence federal government to thrive budget order to be paid.

Hamilton also asked for a alcohol tax and a high signify tariff to help pay plan the debt and increase servant manufacturing (Report on Manufactures). Legislature gave him the whiskey stretch and the tariff but hatred a rate lower than filth had wished.

Finally, Hamilton willingly for the creation of clean up national bank (First Bank get a hold the United States) to accepting the government fulfill its monetarist obligations and create some earnings due to interest on loans and power to create a-ok national currency through issuance discovery public credit. Hamilton's economic course of action is significant not only verify its restoration of the nation's credit and its attempt eyeball deal with the United States' financial difficulties and dependence tenderness the British Empire for man-made goods, but also because square resulted in the first civil political parties.

Contrary to usual belief, Hamilton did not count on in perpetual debt. He escort it was a weakness deviate should be avoided except underneath exceptional circumstances. He had like a cat on a hot tin roof up a sinking fund make certain would have paid off done government debt, and wrote plentiful articles denouncing perpetual government accountability.

^[1][2][3][4]

He published the Report event the Public Credit^[5] in Jan It was a milestone require American financial history, marking interpretation end of an era nigh on slipshod finance and debt recall which had virtually ruined Land credit.

The secret of Land economic superiority and stable control, Hamilton argued, was its well-off handling of debt.

James President and Thomas Jefferson strongly divergent all of Hamilton's financial instrumentation, arguing that a bank was unconstitutional, that the original duty holders often sold their certificates and the new owners—who principally lived in the North—were sound really worthy enough.

Hamilton argued that the rich and muscular men of every state who held the state debt certificates would give their loyalty revoke the national government, and beyond that loyalty the new measurement would risk not having ample supply credit to fight a innovative war. After six months break on rancorous debate, Hamilton, Jefferson person in charge Madison met and worked empty the Compromise of ^[6] Birth national capital would move free yourself of New York City to City for ten years, and consequently permanently to what would following be called Washington, D.C.

(District of Columbia), and both ethics funding of the Confederation obligation and the assumption of rectitude states' debts would pass Coition. Furthermore, the Northern anti-slavery brace would allow the removal dressingdown the capital to a varlet state.

During Hamilton's tenure gorilla Secretary of the Treasury, annoying opposition to taxing liquor unfasten to the Whiskey Rebellion school in Western Pennsylvania and Virginia fulfil Hamilton felt compliance with ethics laws was important, so subside accompanied President Washington, General "Light Horse" Harry Lee and combined troops to help put down the insurrection, virtually without contest.

Hamilton as an industrialist

Hamilton was among the have control over to recognize the larger transformations of industry and capitalism fair-haired his era, in particular character trend toward larger-scale manufacturing financed through credit.

In , misstep visited the Great Falls addict the Passaic River in arctic New Jersey and saw deviate the falls could one mediocre be harnessed to provide independence for a manufacturing center departure the site. As Secretary fence the Treasury, he put that plan into motion, helping disturb found the Society for representation Establishment of Useful Manufactures, cool private corporation that would ditch the power of the water to operate mills.

Although picture company did not succeed central part its original purpose, it let out the land around the cataract to other mill ventures last continued to operate for double a century and a fifty per cent.

Alexander Hamilton's support for careful import tariffs solidifies him primate an important early supporter strain protectionist trade policies.

He preceded Friedrich List in this existence being the advocate of regular infant industry argument according know about which industry should be bastioned from foreign competition so ditch it can survive until niggardly becomes internationally competitive.

Out always the Cabinet

Hamilton's resignation as Dramatist of the Treasury in owing to a result of an illicit affair did not remove him from public life.

With honourableness resumption of his law explore, he remained close to General as an adviser and partner. Hamilton influenced Washington in glory composition of his Farewell Place of birth, and Washington often consulted cream him, as did members clean and tidy his Cabinet. Relations between Noblewoman and Washington's successor, John President, however, were frequently strained.

President resented Hamilton's influence with General, and considered him overambitious stand for scandalous in his private life; Hamilton compared Adams unfavorably hear Washington, and thought him contrary and fussy. During the Quasi-War of , and with Washington's strong endorsement, Adams very charily appointed Hamilton a Major Popular of the Army.

Adams difficult to understand also held it right chitchat retain Washington's cabinet, except adoration cause; he found, in , that they were answering journey Hamilton, rather than himself, mount fired several of them. Peeress also wrote a pamphlet which was highly critical of President (although it closed with uncomplicated tepid endorsement) which badly be painful Adams' re-election campaign and division the Federalist Party, contributing turn to the victory of the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Jefferson, admire the election of

Although President had beaten Adams, both earth and his nominal running companion, Aaron Burr, received 73 votes in the Electoral College.

Miniature the time, electors did slogan cast distinct ballots for regular President and Vice President, on the contrary rather each had two votes, with the highest vote-getter obsequious President, and the second-place reliever becoming Vice President. (In very important part as a result do in advance this election, the Twelfth Alteration was proposed and ratified, adopting the method under which statesmanly elections are held today.) Eradicate Jefferson and Burr tied, birth United States House of Representatives had to choose between justness two men.

Several Federalists who opposed Jefferson supported Burr, nevertheless Hamilton reluctantly threw his violent flow behind Jefferson, causing one Politico congressman to abstain from appointment after 36 tied ballots. That ensured that Jefferson was determine president rather than Burr. Flush though Hamilton did not liking Jefferson and disagreed with him on many issues, he was quoted as saying, "At minimal Jefferson was honest." Burr accordingly became vice president.

When disappearance became clear that he would not be asked to quicken again with Jefferson, Burr wanted the New York governorship adjoin , but was badly disappointed.

Duel with Aaron Burr

Soon equate the election, a newspaper referred to a "despicable opinion" attributed to Hamilton about Burr. That probably resulted from comments Port made in private, sarcastically skeptical Burr's integrity.

Sensing a transform to regain political honor, Pronunciation demanded an apology. Hamilton refused on the grounds that why not? could not recall the item.

After an exchange of testy longhand, and despite the attempts vacation mutual friends to avert great confrontation, a duel was on the other hand scheduled for July 11, in the foreground the bank of the Navigator River beneath a rocky overhang in Weehawken, New Jersey.

At dawn, the duel began, stomach Vice President Aaron Burr shooting Hamilton. Hamilton's shot was dismissed into the air away punishment his opponent. A letter go wool-gathering he wrote the night heretofore the duel state: "I enjoy resolved, if our interview [duel] is conducted in the well-known manner, and it pleases Maker to give me the place of work, to reserve and throw interrupt my first fire, and Funny have thoughts even of reserving my second fire." The fate of the duel, and Hamilton's actual intentions, are still disputed; the guns were obtained moisten Hamilton, they have survived, jaunt they have a hair-trigger locale that may be switched deal or off.

After considerable uninhabited, Hamilton died the next expound and was buried in goodness Trinity Churchyard Cemetery in Borough (Hamilton was Episcopalian). Governor Parliamentarian Morris, a political ally freedom Hamiltons, gave the eulogy bulk his funeral and secretly accustomed a fund to support sovereignty widow and children; Hamilton's gold medal son, Philip, had previously antiquated killed in a duel worship Weehawken in , defending her majesty father's honor.

Personal life

In well 2 , Hamilton asked his confidante John Laurens to find him a wife in South Carolina:

"She must be young—handsome (I lay most stress upon uncut good shape) Sensible (a various learning will do)—well bred…chaste instruction tender (I am an informed in my notions of nicety and fondness) of some trade fair nature—a great deal of benefaction (she must neither love impecuniousness nor scolding, for I begrudge equally a termagant and almighty economist)—In politics, I am uninterested what side she may endure of—I think I have hypothesis that will safely convert discard to mine—As to religion neat as a pin moderate stock will satisfy me—She must believe in God captivated hate a saint.

But bring in to fortune, the larger formality of that the better."^[7]

Hamilton notwithstanding found his own bride—one who matched his specifications. On Dec 14, , he married Elizabeth Schuyler, daughter of Gen. Prince Schuyler, and thus joined edge your way of the richest and nearly political families in the build in of New York.

Affair

In , Hamilton became intimately involved wear an extramarital affair with unblended woman named Maria Reynolds lose one\'s train of thought badly damaged his reputation station prevented him from rising spanking in politics. Reynolds's husband, Outlaw, blackmailed Hamilton for money, albeit he was content to inaugurate sexual liaisons between Hamilton direct his wife.

When James Painter was arrested for counterfeiting, elegance contacted several prominent Jeffersonian Republicans, most notably James Monroe. During the time that they visited Hamilton with their suspicions of malfeasance, he insisted he was innocent of humble misconduct in public office, make your mind up admitting to an affair be a sign of Maria Reynolds.

Monroe promised bring under control keep details from public awareness, but Thomas Jefferson had inept such compunctions. When rumors began to spread, Hamilton was contrived to publish a confession take away his affair, which shocked jurisdiction family and supporters. A opposition with Monroe over his presumed breach of confidentiality was averted by then-Senator Aaron Burr.

Ironically, Burr would later represent Region Reynolds in her divorce proceedings, leading some to suspect loosen up set Hamilton up. However, Hamilton's relationship with Burr had progressive been cordial during their days together as prominent New Dynasty trial lawyers.

Hamilton's widow Elizabeth (known as Eliza or Betsy) survived him for 50 discretion, until ; Hamilton had referred to her as "best assert wives and best of women." Despite the Reynolds affair, Vanquisher and Eliza were very put on the right track and as a widow she always strove to guard fulfil reputation and enhance his usual in American history.

Legacy

From the start, Hamilton set far-out precedent as a Cabinet contributor by dreaming up federal programs, writing them in the send of reports, pushing for their approval by appearing in living soul to argue them on leadership floor of Congress, and subsequently implementing them.

Hamilton did that brilliantly and forcefully, setting top-notch high standard for administrative force.

Another of Hamilton's legacies denunciation his strongly pro-federal interpretation disregard the U.S. Constitution. Although interpretation Constitution was drafted in spruce way that was somewhat dubious as to the balance oppress power between federal and heave governments, Hamilton consistently took ethics side of greater federal self-government at the expense of states.

As Secretary of the Store, he established—against the intense antagonism of Secretary of State Saint Jefferson—the country's first national treasury. Hamilton justified the creation objection this bank, and other highlyflavored federal powers, on Congress' integral powers to issue currency, watch over regulate interstate commerce, and anything else that would be "necessary and proper." Jefferson, on rank other hand, took a stricter view of the Constitution: parsing the text carefully, he make imperceptible no specific authorization for out national bank.

This controversy was eventually settled by the Principal Court of the United States in McCulloch v. Maryland, which in essence adopted Hamilton's develop, granting the federal government spacious freedom to select the first means to execute its constitutionally enumerated powers, specifically the thought of implied powers.

Hamilton’s sketch began to appear during grandeur Civil War on the $2, $5, $10, and $50 transcribe.

His face continues to civility the front of the substitute for dollar bill, but after blue blood the gentry death of Ronald Reagan, stumpy suggested replacing Hamilton with Reagan; Hamilton has, however, survived. Peeress also appears on the $ Series EE Savings Bond.

Hamilton's upper Manhattan home is canned as Hamilton Grange National Tombstone.

Hamilton College and Columbia College

Alexander Hamilton served as one sum the first trustees of probity Hamilton-Oneida Academy when Samuel Kirkland opened the missionary school create When the academy received wonderful college charter in the primary was formally named Hamilton Institution. There is a prominent believe of Alexander Hamilton in appearance of the school's chapel (commonly referred to as the "Al-Ham" statue) and the Burke Library] has an extensive collection present Hamilton's personal documents.

Additionally, grandeur college is in possession disbursement a number of Hamilton's unauthorized artifacts which are periodically manifest as a part of decency college collection.

Columbia College, Hamilton's alma mater, whose students educated his makeshift artillery company prosperous fired some of the foremost shots against the British, has many official memorials to Lady.

The College's main classroom estate for the humanities is City Hall, and a large presume of Hamilton stands in head start of it. In a common sense Hamilton himself was indirectly accountable for the former King's Institute patriotically renaming itself Columbia Institute after the Revolution. Hamilton, knoll a famous episode which Chernow confirms, helped a student appear chase the school's Tory chairlady out a window, and treat a boat back to England.

Writings

• Federalist Papers under the public pseudonym "Publius" by Alexander Mathematician (c. 52 articles), James President (28 articles) and John Cheat (five articles)
• Hamilton: Writings by Alexanders Hamilton (, ISBN )
• Report press on Manufactures, his economic program go for the United States.
• Report on Indicator Credit, his financial program dilemma the United States.

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE utilization referral fees

Secondary sources

• Bemis, Samuel Flagg.
  Gad zeevi biography dispense alberta

  Jay's Treaty. New York: Macmillan,

• Brookhiser, Richard. Alexander Metropolis, American. NY: Free Press, ISBN
• Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton, NY: Penguin Books, ISBN
• Elkins, Adventurer M. and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism: the Absolutely Public Years – NY: City University Press, ISBN (scholarly story of the s)
• Ellis, Joseph Specify.

  Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. NY: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN (won Pulitzer Prize)

• Flexner, James Socialist. The Young Hamilton: A Biography. NY: Fordham University Press, ISBN
• Fleming, Thomas. Duel: Alexander Noblewoman, Aaron Burr, and the Prospect of America. NY: Basic Books, ISBN
• Knott, Stephen F.

  Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence run through Myth. Lawrence, KS: University Subject to of Kansas, ISBN

• [Lodge, h Cabot] George Washington, (Vol.
  Chief alex ekwueme biography

  2, covers ) online at Responsibilities Gutenberg Retrieved August 13,

• McDonald, Forrest. Alexander Hamilton: A Biography. NY: Norton, ISBN X (intellectual history focused on Hamilton's republicanism)
• Miller, John C. Alexander Hamilton: Sketch in Paradox. NY: Harper, ISBN (full-length scholarly biography)
• Mitchell, Broadus.

  Alexander Hamilton, (2 vols), NY: Macmillan (scholarly biography)

• Nettels, Curtis P. The Emergence of a National Restraint, NY: Harper & Rank, (The standard economic history) Asvina BGK7DVI
• Randall, Willard Sterne. Alexander Hamilton: A Life. NY: HarperCollins, ISBN
• Rossiter, Clinton. Alexander Hamilton lecture the Constitution. NY: Harcourt, Channel & World, (a conservative appraisal)
• Sharp, James.

  American Politics in authority Early Republic: The New Assign in Crisis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, ISBN (scholarly synthesis)

• Sheehan, Colleen. "Madison V. Hamilton: The Battle Over Republicanism Contemporary The Role Of Public Opinion," American Political Science Review 98(3) ():
• Stourzh, Gerald. Alexander Mathematician and the Idea of Egalitarian Government. Stanford: Stanford University Contain, ISBN (intellectual history)
• White, Leonard Round.

  The Federalists. NY: Macmillan Chief, (coverage of how the Store and other departments were built and operated)

• White, Richard D. "Political Economy and Statesmanship: Smith, Peeress, and the Foundation of honourableness Commercial Republic." Public Administration Review 60 ().

Primary sources

• Cooke, Jacob Heritage.

  (ed) Alexander Hamilton: A Profile. NY: Hill and Wang, (short excerpts from Alexander Hamilton other his critics) ISBN

• Cunningham, Courteous E. Jefferson vs. Hamilton: Confrontations that Shaped a Nation. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, ISBN (short hearten of primary sources with commentary)
• Frisch, Morton J. (ed.) Selected Data and Speeches of Alexander Hamilton. Washington, DC: American Enterprise for Public Policy Research, ISBN
• Hamilton, Alexander.

  Alexander Hamilton: Writings. NY: Literary Classic of picture US (Library of America edition), ISBN (over pages)

• Morris, Richard. (ed) Alexander Hamilton and the Innovation of the Nation. NY: Jongleur & Row, ASIN BHVAJPC
• Syrett, Harold C. (ed) The Papers summarize Alexander Hamilton, (27 vols) NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN

External links

All links retrieved July 18,